{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:10:39Z","timestamp":1793049039116,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003092","name":"Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-81-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-81-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low magnesium levels, which are common in people with type 2 diabetes, are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory molecules. It is unknown whether magnesium supplementation decreases this low-grade inflammation in people with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed multidimensional immunophenotyping to better understand the effect of magnesium supplementation on the immune system of people with type 2 diabetes and low magnesium levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-period, crossover study, we compared the effect of magnesium supplementation (15\u2005mmol\/day) with placebo on the immunophenotype, including whole blood immune cell counts, T-cell and CD14+ monocyte function after ex vivo stimulation, and the circulating inflammatory proteome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 12 adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (7 males, mean \u00b1 SD age 67 \u00b1 7 years, body mass index 31 \u00b1 5\u2005kg\/m2, HbA1c 7.5 \u00b1 0.9%) and low magnesium levels (0.73 \u00b1 0.05\u2005mmol\/L). Magnesium treatment significantly increased serum magnesium and urinary magnesium excretion compared with placebo. Interferon-\u03b3 production from phorbol myristate acetate\/ionomycin stimulated CD8+ T-cells and T-helper 1 cells, as well as interleukin (IL) 4\/IL5\/IL13 production from T-helper 2 cells was lower after treatment with magnesium compared with placebo. Magnesium supplementation did not affect immune cell numbers, ex vivo monocyte function, and circulating inflammatory proteins, although we found a tendency for lower high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels after magnesium supplementation compared with placebo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, magnesium supplementation modulates the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in people with type 2 diabetes and low serum magnesium levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T18:06:55Z","timestamp":1709057215000},"page":"e2240-e2245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Magnesium Supplementation Modulates T-cell Function in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Low Serum Magnesium Levels"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda C A","family":"Drenthen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandala","family":"Ajie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen H F","family":"de Baaij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees J","family":"Tack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan E","family":"de Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht UMC+ , 6229 HX Maastricht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinke","family":"Stienstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc , 6500 HB Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University , 6708 PB Wageningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac028","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Oost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061351","article-title":"Effects of magnesium deficiency on mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: focusing on the processes of insulin secretion and signaling","volume":"20","author":"Kostov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0236","article-title":"Serum magnesium is inversely associated with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Oost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.11.003","article-title":"Hypomagnesaemia is associated with diabetes: not pre-diabetes, obesity or the metabolic syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Simmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S136742","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519000163","article-title":"Effects of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic profiles in diabetic haemodialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Talari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S168398","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Zghoul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1599745","article-title":"The effects of choline and magnesium co-supplementation on metabolic parameters, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Rashvand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101765","article-title":"Magnesium decreases inflammatory cytokine production: a novel innate immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"188","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.739240","article-title":"Magnesium affects the cytokine secretion of CD4\u207a T lymphocytes in acute asthma","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.039","article-title":"Magnesium sensing via LFA-1 regulates CD8(+) T cell effector function","volume":"185","author":"L\u00f6tscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Drenthen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drenthen LCA, Ajie A, de Baaij JHF, Tack CJ, de Galan BE, Stienstra R. Supplemental figure 1\u20139: data from magnesium supplementation modulates T-cell function in people with type 2 diabetes and low serum magnesium levels. Figshare. doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.24534604. Date of deposit 9 November 2023.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae097"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095192","article-title":"Homogenous 96-plex PEA immunoassay exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity, and excellent scalability","volume":"9","author":"Assarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drenthen LCA, Ajie A, de Baaij JHF, Tack CJ, de Galan BE, Stienstra R. Supplemental table 1\u20132: Data from magnesium supplementation modulates T-cell function in people with type 2 diabetes and low serum magnesium levels. Figshare. doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.24534661. Date of deposit 9 November 2023.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae097"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.7","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein levels: meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Dibaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.75719","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplements on serum C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mazidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8371-x","article-title":"The role of Mg2+ in immune cells","volume":"55","author":"Brandao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112212","article-title":"Ion channels in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"33","author":"Feske","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1309\/JR9Y-PPTX-AJTC-QDRD","article-title":"Magnesium levels in critically ill patients. What should we measure?","volume":"114","author":"Huijgen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024111804022535000_dgae097-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","article-title":"Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease","volume":"95","author":"de Baaij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae097\/56893732\/dgae097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/109\/12\/e2240\/60680424\/dgae097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/109\/12\/e2240\/60680424\/dgae097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:03:05Z","timestamp":1731902585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/109\/12\/e2240\/7614751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}