{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T09:09:30Z","timestamp":1751533770325,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The injectable gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists have traditionally been used for ovulation suppression during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), leading to increased painful daily injections and cost. The use of the oral GnRH antagonist elagolix for ovulation suppression in IVF has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing IVF who received either oral elagolix 50\u2005mg every other day or ganirelix\/cetrotide injection daily for ovulation suppression during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation included 269 patients, 173 in the elagolix group and 96 in the ganirelix\/cetrotide group. The main outcome was the suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) blood levels, reflecting ovulation suppression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age, body mass index, anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, baseline follicle-stimulating hormone, antral follicles count, dose of medications used, number of days of ovarian stimulation, and peak estradiol (E2) levels were similar in both groups. When blood LH and E2 levels were measured before intake and the day after intake of either elagolix or ganirelix\/cetrotide, both groups had significant and similar drop in LH levels and increase in E2 levels. When comparing IVF cycle outcomes in both groups, the number of oocytes retrieved, number of mature oocytes, fertilization rate, blastocyst formation rate, euploidy rate, and endometrial lining thickness at the time of the trigger were all similar.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral GnRH antagonist, a much cheaper and less invasive medication that is used at a lower frequency, showed comparable ovulation suppression to the costly injectable GnRH antagonist. Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of oral GnRH antagonist on endometrial lining receptivity and pregnancy outcomes, especially when using fresh embryo transfer IVF protocols.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T22:18:00Z","timestamp":1710281880000},"page":"e456-e460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Elagolix Represents a Less Invasive and Cheaper Option Than Injectable GnRH Antagonist for Ovulation Suppression in IVF"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Mouanness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Rejuvenating Fertility Center , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaher","family":"Merhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Rejuvenating Fertility Center , New York, NY 10027 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University , Brooklyn, NY 11203 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center , Brooklyn, NY 10019 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2239","article-title":"Follicular phase endocrine characteristics during ovarian stimulation and GnRH antagonist cotreatment for IVF: RCT comparing recFSH initiated on cycle day 2 or 5","volume":"96","author":"Blockeel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.01.033","article-title":"GnRH antagonists","volume":"115","author":"Coccia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.01.145","article-title":"Time costs of fertility care: the hidden hardship of building a family","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1021\/jm701249f","article-title":"Non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists","volume":"51","author":"Betz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7478","DOI":"10.1021\/jm8006454","article-title":"Discovery of sodium R-(+)-4-{2-[5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-6-[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethylamino}butyrate (elagolix), a potent and orally available nonpeptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1695","article-title":"Suppression of gonadotropins and estradiol in premenopausal women by oral administration of the nonpeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist elagolix","volume":"94","author":"Struthers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3845","article-title":"Dose-dependent suppression of gonadotropins and ovarian hormones by elagolix in healthy premenopausal women","volume":"102","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0977-4","article-title":"Elagolix: first global approval","volume":"78","author":"Lamb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700089","article-title":"Treatment of endometriosis-associated pain with elagolix, an oral GnRH antagonist","volume":"377","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B10","first-page":"179","article-title":"The role of elagolix in the suppression of ovulation in donor oocyte cycles","volume":"4","author":"Boniface","year":"2023","journal-title":"F S Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.009","article-title":"Minimal stimulation IVF vs conventional IVF: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-016-0025-6","article-title":"Efficiency of metaphase II oocytes following minimal\/mild ovarian stimulation in vitro fertilization","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1014785","article-title":"Obesity adversely impacts the number and maturity of oocytes in conventional IVF not in minimal stimulation IVF","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.504","article-title":"Telemedicine and at-home ivf kit: novel application during the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"114","author":"Merhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ceog.2020.05.2157","article-title":"At-Home IVF kit: application during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"47","author":"Merhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014","article-title":"A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies","volume":"68","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00389.x","article-title":"The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired comparisons of clustered data","volume":"62","author":"Rosner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz086","article-title":"Elagolix suppresses ovulation in a dose-dependent manner: results from a 3-month, randomized study in ovulatory women","volume":"105","author":"Archer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012110263831100_dgae168-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.126282","article-title":"Should mild stimulation be the order of the day?","volume":"6","author":"Mahajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Reprod Sci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae168\/57120152\/dgae168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/2\/e456\/57120152\/dgae168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/2\/e456\/57120152\/dgae168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1737455213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/2\/e456\/7628381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-972X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7197"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}}}