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A drug response assay on PDOs was also performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PDOs retained key genetic and morphological features of their parental tumors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PDOs were successfully established from various types of PitNET samples with an overall success rate of 87.5%. Clinical nonfunctioning PitNETs-derived organoids (22\/23, 95.7%) showed a higher likelihood of successful generation compared to those from functioning PitNETs (6\/9, 66.7%). Preservation of cellular structure, subtype-specific neuroendocrine profiles, mutational features, and tumor microenvironment heterogeneity from parental tumors was observed. A distinctive response profile in drug tests was observed among the organoids from patients with different subtypes of PitNETs. With the validation of key characteristics from parental tumors in histological, genomic, and microenvironment heterogeneity consistency assays, we demonstrated the predictive value of the PDOs in testing individual drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The established PDOs, retaining typical features of parental tumors, indicate a translational significance in innovating personalized treatment for refractory PitNETs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T15:30:27Z","timestamp":1713972627000},"page":"e827-e840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Establishment of Human Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Derived Organoid and Its Pilot Application for Drug 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