{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:56:07Z","timestamp":1791942967600,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021054","name":"Military Operational Medicine Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thresholds for overweight and obesity are currently defined by body mass index (BMI), a poor surrogate marker of actual adiposity (percent body fat [%BF]). Practical modern technologies provide estimates of %BF but medical providers need outcome-based %BF thresholds to guide patients. This analysis determines %BF thresholds based on key obesity-related comorbidities, exhibited as metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). These limits were compared to existing BMI thresholds of overweight and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlational analysis of data from cross sectional sampling of 16 918 adults (8734 men and 8184 women) from the US population, accessed by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public use datasets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals measured by BMI as overweight (BMI &amp;gt; 25\u2005kg\/m2) and with obesity (BMI &amp;gt; 30\u2005kg\/m2) included 5% and 35% of individuals with MetSyn, respectively. For men, there were no cases of MetSyn below 18%BF, %BF equivalence to \u201coverweight\u201d (ie, 5% of MetSyn individuals) occurred at 25%BF, and \u201cobesity\u201d (ie, 35% of MetSyn individuals) corresponded to 30%BF. For women, there were no cases of MetSyn below 30%BF, \u201coverweight\u201d occurred at 36%BF, and \u201cobesity\u201d corresponded to 42%BF. Comparison of BMI to %BF illustrates the wide range of variability in BMI prediction of %BF, highlighting the potential importance of using more direct measures of adiposity to manage obesity-related disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Practical methods of body composition estimation can now replace the indirect BMI assessment for obesity management, using threshold values provided from this study. Clinically relevant \u201coverweight\u201d can be defined as 25% and 36% BF for men and women, respectively, and \u201cobesity\u201d is defined as 30% and 42% BF for men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:15:55Z","timestamp":1715706955000},"page":"e1103-e1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Defining Overweight and Obesity by Percent Body Fat Instead of Body Mass Index"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam W","family":"Potter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, MA 01760-5007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey C","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, MA 01760-5007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P","family":"Looney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, MA 01760-5007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl E","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Senior Scientist, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, MA 01760-5007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025031717065947600_dgae341-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2001.00031.x","article-title":"Beyond body mass index","volume":"2","author":"Prentice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025031717065947600_dgae341-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.694","article-title":"Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index","volume":"72","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025031717065947600_dgae341-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.025171","article-title":"Percentage of body fat cutoffs by sex, age, and race-ethnicity in the US adult population from NHANES 1999\u20132004","volume":"95","author":"Heo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025031717065947600_dgae341-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.016","article-title":"Adipose-tissue plasticity in health and diseases","volume":"185","author":"Sakers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025031717065947600_dgae341-B5","first-page":"100","article-title":"Medico-actuarial mortality investigation. 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