{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:46:07Z","timestamp":1792532767533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209328\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019256","name":"NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) risk factors in Turner syndrome (TS) may include autoimmunity, obesity, \u03b2-cell dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and insulin resistance (IR).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work aimed to evaluate glucose tolerance and DM risk factors in adults with TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A single-center study with 2 phases was conducted to determine the prevalence of DM and to assess DM risk markers comparing women with TS with and without impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The study took place at a tertiary referral center, University College Hospitals. A total of 106 women with TS (age range, 18-70 years) undergoing annual health surveillance underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), with additional samples for autoimmunity and genetic analysis. Main outcome measures included glucose tolerance, insulin, autoimmune, and single-nucleotide variation (SNV) profile.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>OGTT screening showed that among those without a previous DM diagnosis, 72.7% had normal glucose tolerance, 19.5% had IGT, and 7.6% were newly diagnosed with DM. OGTT identified more cases of DM than glycated hemoglobin A1c sampling alone. Women with IGT or DM were older, with higher body mass index and IR. No association was found between autoimmune markers glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen-2, and zinc transporter 8, risk karyotypes, or selected SNVs and DM. In DM cases, GAD positivity was associated with requirement for insulin therapy. The median age of onset of the diagnosis of DM was 36 years (range, 11-56 years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the spectrum of DM subtypes, TS-associated DM lies between type 1 and type 2 DM with features of both. Key factors include weight and IR. Assessing C-peptide or GAD antibodies may aid future insulin requirement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T13:12:58Z","timestamp":1720012378000},"page":"1279-1286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characterization of Turner Syndrome-associated Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette","family":"Cameron-Pimblett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital , London, WC1N 6HU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital , London, WC1N 6HU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie C","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital , London, WC1N 6HU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer P","family":"Suntharalingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, WC1N 1EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Endocrinology, Charterhouse Square, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, WC1N 1EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard S","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, University College London Hospital , London, WC1N 6HU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01213097","article-title":"Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark","volume":"87","author":"Nielsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00237-0","article-title":"Morbidity in Turner syndrome. Research support, non-U.S. Gov't","volume":"51","author":"Gravholt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0384","article-title":"X-chromosome gene dosage and the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Bakalov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1336-z","article-title":"New insights on diabetes in Turner syndrome: results from an observational study in adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Ibarra-Gasparini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03895.x","article-title":"Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome\u2013influence of age","volume":"156","author":"Mortensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B6","first-page":"69","article-title":"Insulin resistance is an intrinsic defect independent of fat mass in women with Turner's syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Salgin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-11-6","article-title":"Delayed beta-cell response and glucose intolerance in young women with Turner syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Hjerrild","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025042208270710400_dgae357-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.7.1062","article-title":"Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors in adult Turner's syndrome. 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