{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:18:46Z","timestamp":1784290726657,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal vitamin D level is an important determinant of pregnancy and child health outcomes. Exposure to air pollution is suspected to increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency, but the evidence is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the association between air pollution during pregnancy and maternal vitamin D levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 15 935 pregnant women from 5 birth cohorts in Europe and the United States were included. Averaged concentrations of nitrogen oxides, fine and coarse particles, and composition of fine particles from conception until vitamin D measurement were estimated at participants\u2019 residential addresses using land-use regression or other spatiotemporal models. Cohorts measured vitamin D as 25(OH)D or 25(OH)D3 levels in serum or plasma at early or mid-pregnancy. We defined suboptimal vitamin D levels as levels below 20 ng\/mL. We performed logistic regression models for each cohort to estimate the association between air pollution exposure and suboptimal vitamin D levels and pooled cohort-specific estimates in a random-effect meta-analysis. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and month of conception.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found an association between particulate matter (PM)2.5 and higher odds of suboptimal vitamin D levels (ie, below 20 ng\/mL) (odds ratio per 5 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM2.5, 1.43; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.99). There was no association between other air pollutant exposure and vitamin D levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PM2.5 exposure might contribute to suboptimal levels of vitamin D in pregnancy. Reducing air pollution exposure should be a priority because vitamin D deficiency may adversely influence offspring development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T23:40:11Z","timestamp":1718235611000},"page":"1410-1418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations of Gestational Exposure to Air Pollution With Maternal Vitamin D Levels: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Binter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal , 08036 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , 08005 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhgar","family":"Ghassabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runyu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health & Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht , 3584 CX Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , 3584 CJ Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"El Marroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam , 3062 PA Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitana","family":"Lertxundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) , Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development , 20014 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M","family":"Switkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02215 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Estarlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , Av. De Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, 13, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , Av de Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital San Agust\u00edn , 33410 Avil\u00e9s, Asturias ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Esplugues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , Av. De Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, 13, 46010 Val\u00e8ncia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , Av de Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Vrijkotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , 1081 BT Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute , 1081 BT Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute , 1081 BT Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal , 08036 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , 08005 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Santa-Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development , 20014 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Somoano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) , Monforte de Lemos Avenue 3-5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo , Julian Claver\u00eda Street s\/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Polanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , 91-348 Lodz ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary R C","family":"McEachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Bradford BD9 6DA ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02215 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. 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