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Children seropositive on the cross-sectional initial screen at age 8 to 13 years had longitudinally collected samples (from age 3.5 months) screened retrospectively and prospectively for thyroid autoantibodies to identify age at seroconversion. The first-appearing autoantibody was related to sex, HLA genotype, family history of AITD, and subsequent thyroid dysfunction and disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The youngest appearance of TPOAb and TgAb was age 10 and 15 months, respectively. Girls had higher incidence rates of both autoantibodies. Family history of AITD was associated with a higher risk of TPOAb hazard ratio (HR) 1.90; 95% CI, 1.17-3.08; and TgAb HR 2.55; 95% CI, 1.91-3.41. The risk of progressing to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism was not different between TgAb and TPOAb, but children with both autoantibodies appearing at the same visit had a higher risk compared to TPOAb appearing first (HR 6.34; 95% CI, 2.72-14.76).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Thyroid autoantibodies may appear during the first years of life, especially in girls, and in children with a family history of AITD. Simultaneous appearance of both autoantibodies increases the risk for hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T14:50:50Z","timestamp":1720623050000},"page":"498-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early Appearance of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Children Followed From Birth for Type 1 Diabetes Risk"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berglind","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital Iceland , 101 Reykjavik ,","place":["Iceland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science Malm\u00f6, Lund University , 20502 Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna 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