{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:32:39Z","timestamp":1792801959192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg Frederiksberg and Skibsreder Per Henriksen, R. og hustrus Fond","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bpbnx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abnormal brain glucose metabolism may cause cognitive disease in type 2 diabetes, yet the relation between insulin resistance and brain glucose metabolism has not been systematically described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the impact of metabolic condition (fasting vs insulin stimulation, eg, from hyperinsulinemic clamp) on the association between insulin resistance of different etiologies and brain glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception until February 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 656 unique records, we deemed 31 eligible. Criteria were studies assessing brain glucose metabolism (uptake or metabolic rate) by 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography in individuals characterized by measures of or clinical proxies for insulin resistance (eg, type 2 diabetes and obesity).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent investigators extracted data and assessed study quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied random-effects models to pool Hedge's g standardized mean differences. Insulin resistance was associated with decreased brain glucose metabolism during fasting [\u22120.47 SD, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u22120.73 to \u22120.22, P &amp;lt; .001, I2 = 71%] and increased metabolism during insulin stimulation (1.44 SD, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.09, P = .002, I2 = 43%). Contrary to type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistance-related conditions, obesity was not associated with brain hypometabolism in fasting states (0.29 SD, 95% CI \u2212.81 to 1.39).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic conditions modify associations between insulin resistance and brain glucose metabolism; ie, most individuals with insulin resistance display hypometabolism during fasting and hypermetabolism during insulin stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:30:42Z","timestamp":1724657442000},"page":"e525-e537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Relation of Insulin Resistance to Brain Glucose Metabolism in Fasting and Hyperinsulinemic States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-4056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole J","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , 2400 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Neuro Unit, Translational Type 2 Diabetes Research, Clinical Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , 2730 Herlev ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane J","family":"Porse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , 2400 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Neuro Unit, Translational Type 2 Diabetes Research, Clinical Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , 2730 Herlev 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Disorders, Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital , 4600 K\u00f8ge ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Marner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , 2400 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , 2200 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gejl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Gjedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 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