{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:21:50Z","timestamp":1790882510153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK116726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK116726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017553","name":"UAB Nutrition Obesity Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK56336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK56336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UAB Diabetes Research Center","award":["P30DK079626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK079626"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL105349)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL105349)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u03b2-Cell response to glucose is compromised in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), possibly due in part to excessive carbohydrate consumption.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was conducted to determine if a eucaloric carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diet (\u223c9% energy from carbohydrate, 65% energy from fat), compared to a eucaloric higher carbohydrate (HC) diet (\u223c55% energy from carbohydrate, 20% energy from fat), would improve \u03b2-cell response to glucose in participants with T2D.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were 57 African American and European American adults with T2D not using insulin. Medications were discontinued 1 to 2 weeks prior to baseline testing. A hyperglycemic clamp was used to assess the acute (first-phase) and maximal (arginine-stimulated) C-peptide response to glucose at baseline and after 12 weeks of controlled diet therapy (all food provided). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to assess the disposition index (DI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At 12 weeks, a statistically significant effect of diet was observed on acute C-peptide response (2-fold greater with the CR diet; P &amp;lt; .01). For maximal C-peptide, a significant effect of diet was observed (22% greater with the CR diet; P &amp;lt; .05), as was a significant diet-by-race interaction (P &amp;lt; .05), indicating that the diet effect was specific to European Americans (48% greater with the CR diet; P &amp;lt; .01). OGTT results showed a significant effect of diet on DI at 12 weeks (32% greater with the CR diet; P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results suggest that a eucaloric CR diet has beneficial effects on \u03b2-cell function in patients with mild T2D.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T16:33:57Z","timestamp":1729614837000},"page":"1811-1817","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on \u03b2-Cell Response in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8461-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara A","family":"Gower","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy M","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian L","family":"Yurchishin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Deemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhuvana","family":"Sunil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's of Alabama , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8963-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T","family":"Garvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7121","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2179","article-title":"Contribution of B-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose","volume":"29","author":"Abdul-Ghani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7231","article-title":"The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"104","author":"Weyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2007.S109","article-title":"Phasic insulin release and metabolic regulation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Del Prato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12154","article-title":"Choice of early treatment regimen and impact on beta-cell preservation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Mudaliar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.11.1249","article-title":"U.K. prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years\u2019 therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B7","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2017","edition":"8th ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0750","article-title":"Weight loss decreases excess pancreatic triacylglycerol specifically in type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Steven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198709000-00009","article-title":"The control of diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the morbidly obese with the Greenville gastric bypass","volume":"206","author":"Pories","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2204-7","article-title":"Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30303-X","article-title":"2-year remission of type 2 diabetes and pancreas morphology: a post-hoc analysis of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"Al-Mrabeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.102","article-title":"Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Butler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20191","article-title":"Effects of diet macronutrient composition on body composition and fat distribution during weight maintenance and weight loss","volume":"21","author":"Goss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.07.007","article-title":"Effects of a eucaloric reduced-carbohydrate diet on body composition and fat distribution in women with PCOS","volume":"63","author":"Goss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12175","article-title":"Favourable metabolic effects of a eucaloric lower-carbohydrate diet in women with PCOS","volume":"79","author":"Gower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B16","author":"Statistics about Diabetes"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2253","article-title":"Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"283","author":"Brancati","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0244","article-title":"Metabolic contrasts between youth and adults with impaired glucose tolerance or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: I. Observations using the hyperglycemic clamp","volume":"41","author":"RISE Consortium","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B19","author":"Gower"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing","volume":"22","author":"Matsuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.32.s3.5.x","article-title":"The evolution of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Bergman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1614-2","article-title":"Determinants of glucose tolerance in impaired glucose tolerance at baseline in the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study","volume":"53","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.320","article-title":"C-peptide-based index is more related to incident type 2 diabetes in non-diabetic subjects than insulin-based index","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E214","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214","article-title":"Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance","volume":"237","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01713","article-title":"Assessment of beta cell mass and function by AIRmax and intravenous glucose in high-risk subjects for type 1 diabetes","volume":"102","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8498","article-title":"Contribution of insulin secretion and clearance to glucose-induced insulin concentration in African-American and Caucasian children","volume":"87","author":"Gower","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-072909-095555","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and type 2 diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Back","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4385-1","article-title":"Metabolic crosstalk between fatty pancreas and fatty liver: effects on local inflammation and insulin secretion","volume":"60","author":"Gerst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03364-y","article-title":"Pancreatic steatosis and metabolic pancreatic disease: a new entity?","volume":"18","author":"Caldart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14643","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14643","article-title":"Banting memorial lecture 2021-banting, banting, banter and bravado: convictions meet evidence in the scientific process: diabetes UK professional conference, 27 April 2021","volume":"38","author":"Lean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.25","article-title":"Anti-lipolytic effects of insulin in African American and white prepubertal boys","volume":"9","author":"Gower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-3","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity affects propensity to obesity in an ethnic-specific manner: results from two controlled weight loss intervention studies","volume":"10","author":"Gower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.212","article-title":"Age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function among EA and AA women","volume":"19","author":"Chandler-Laney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.44","article-title":"Adiposity and beta-cell function: relationships differ with ethnicity and age","volume":"18","author":"Chandler-Laney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.11.1733","article-title":"Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin-producing cells","volume":"46","author":"Tiedge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2512","article-title":"Racial differences in peripheral insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial capacity in the absence of obesity","volume":"99","author":"DeLany","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E724","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00364.2005","article-title":"Relationship between insulin sensitivity and in vivo mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle","volume":"291","author":"Sirikul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.05.025","article-title":"ROS signaling, oxidative stress and Nrf2 in pancreatic beta-cell function","volume":"244","author":"Pi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12191","article-title":"Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and antiglycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062419095298500_dgae670-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.011","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base","volume":"31","author":"Feinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae670\/59761038\/dgae670.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/7\/1811\/59761038\/dgae670.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/7\/1811\/59761038\/dgae670.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T23:10:03Z","timestamp":1750806603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/7\/1811\/7822482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae670","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}}}