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<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy is associated with adverse offspring neurodevelopment. Thyroglobulin (Tg) has been suggested as a more sensitive biomarker than UIC of long-term iodine status, but associations of Tg with neurodevelopment and the possible mediating role of thyroid function remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study whether maternal Tg is associated with (1) maternal and newborn thyroid function and (2) offspring IQ and brain morphology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were selected from 2 population-based prospective cohorts: Generation R (the Netherlands, iodine-sufficient) and INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Spain, mildly iodine-deficient) with maternal Tg and thyroid function data in the first half of pregnancy or in cord blood, early childhood IQ (age 4.5 and 6 years), late childhood IQ (age 9 and 13), or brain morphology at 10 years. Associations of Tg with TSH, free T4 (FT4), IQ, and brain morphology were studied with multivariable linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>(1) Tg was associated with lower TSH (\u22120.12 [\u22120.16; \u22120.08]) and higher FT4 (0.08 [0.05; 0.12]) in pregnancy (n = 4367) but not with cord blood TSH or FT4 (n = 2008). (2) Tg was associated with lower IQ in early childhood (\u03b2 [95% confidence interval]: \u22120.06 [\u22120.10; \u22120.01], n = 2919) but not with IQ (n = 2503) or brain morphology (n = 1180) in later childhood. None of the associations of Tg with the studied outcomes differed by the iodine-to-creatinine ratio (ie, effect modification) or changed when adjusted for thyroid function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Higher Tg is associated with lower IQ in early childhood and higher thyroid function during pregnancy but not with IQ or brain morphology in later childhood. Further research should determine the value of Tg in addition to UIC for defining iodine status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T11:29:08Z","timestamp":1727436548000},"page":"2007-2015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of Maternal Thyroglobulin With Gestational Thyroid Function and Offspring IQ and Brain Morphology"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0715-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa A","family":"Mulder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Guxens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 28029, Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"ISGlobal , 08003, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , 08002, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Rebagliato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public 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C","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , GU2 7XH, Guildford ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8589-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Hunziker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich , 8092, Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern , 3012, Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 28029, Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"ISGlobal , 08003, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , 08002, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana Maria","family":"Delgado-Saborit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia , 46020, Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I , 12006, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaia","family":"Irizar Loibide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 28029, Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development , 20014, San Sebastian ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) , 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Lertxundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 28029, Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute , 20014, San Sebastian ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, UPV\/EHU , 20008, San Sebasti\u00e1n ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan L","family":"Muetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Tiemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center , 3015 GD, Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. 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