{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:02:07Z","timestamp":1791925327371,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029579","name":"Erdheim-Chester disease Global Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009447","name":"Leukemia & Lymphoma Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021671","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Population Sciences Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37CA259260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA259260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Frame Family Fund"},{"name":"Joy Family West Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019368","name":"Applebaum Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endocrinopathies are frequently the initial presentation of histiocytic neoplasms, which are rare hematologic disorders affecting multiple organ systems. Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim\u2013Chester disease are 2 such disorders known to infiltrate the hypothalamus and\/or pituitary gland, leading to arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) and anterior pituitary dysfunction (APD) in 20% to 30% of cases, often as the first manifestation. Conversely, histiocytic disorders account for a notable proportion (10-15%) of all pituitary stalk lesions. The diagnosis of histiocytoses is often delayed in such cases due to the nonspecific presentation of endocrinopathies and pituitary involvement. Consequently, endocrinologists are at the frontline and uniquely positioned to achieve early diagnosis by recognizing the varied nonendocrine features of these disorders. This article provides an overview of the endocrine manifestations of histiocytic disorders and presents a simplified algorithm to guide the diagnostic workup in cases presenting with \u201cidiopathic\u201d AVP-D or APD. Such cases should be evaluated for histiocytic neoplasms with additional imaging studies and biopsies of suspected disease sites. If no disease site beyond the pituitary is identified, the risks and benefits of a pituitary stalk lesion biopsy must be carefully considered. While treatments of histiocytic neoplasms are highly efficacious, endocrinopathies are considered permanent and require long-term hormone replacement. It remains unclear whether early diagnosis and novel targeted therapies can reverse these endocrine disorders. Therefore, the role of the endocrinologist role is critical in the diagnosis and management of these rare diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T15:25:54Z","timestamp":1734449154000},"page":"1756-1766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Approach to the Patient: From Endocrinopathy to the Diagnosis of a Histiocytic Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3231-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polyzois","family":"Makras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Department of Medical Research, LCH Adult Clinic, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital , Athens 11525 ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline J","family":"Davidge-Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli L","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY 10021 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl E","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jithma P","family":"Abeykoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald S","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishmita","family":"Siwakoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35233 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houman","family":"Sotoudeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35233 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine-Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35233 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda M","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurav","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology- Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35233 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-690636","article-title":"Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages","volume":"127","author":"Emile","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.02.023","article-title":"The Mayo Clinic histiocytosis working group consensus statement for the diagnosis and evaluation of adult patients with histiocytic neoplasms: Erdheim-Chester disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman disease","volume":"94","author":"Goyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4171","article-title":"Pituitary stalk lesions: the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"98","author":"Turcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868558","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.868558","article-title":"Pituitary stalk thickening: causes and consequences. The children's memorial health institute experience and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Moszczy\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-279083","article-title":"Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"116","author":"Badalian-Very","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-430140","article-title":"High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses","volume":"120","author":"Haroche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0913","article-title":"Diverse and targetable kinase alterations drive histiocytic neoplasms","volume":"6","author":"Diamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.0053","article-title":"Histiocytic neoplasms, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"19","author":"Go","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003507","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease: consensus recommendations for evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment in the molecular era","volume":"135","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014343","article-title":"International expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults","volume":"139","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-839753","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and clinical management of Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease","volume":"131","author":"Abla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2023.107032","article-title":"Spectrum of second primary malignancies and cause-specific mortality in pediatric and adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"126","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28422","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28422","article-title":"The annual incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis among adults living in Greece","volume":"67","author":"Makras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-955086","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in pediatric\u2014onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"38","author":"Amato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-72","article-title":"Management of adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of Euro-Histio-Net","volume":"8","author":"Girschikofsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20425","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"46","author":"Grois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6568","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010706","article-title":"Long-term outcomes among adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"7","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(03)00672-5","article-title":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults. Report from the international registry of the histiocyte society","volume":"39","author":"Aric\u00f2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.06.003","article-title":"Endocrine manifestations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"18","author":"Makras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0177","article-title":"Endocrine manifestations in a cohort of 63 adulthood and childhood onset patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"181","author":"Sagna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6501","article-title":"Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment","volume":"85","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-005-0011-x","article-title":"Evolving radiological features of hypothalamo-pituitary lesions in adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)","volume":"48","author":"Makras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343902","article-title":"Hypopituitarism in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: seven cases and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Modan-Moses","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20760","article-title":"Central nervous system-related permanent consequences in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"48","author":"Mittheisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1385\/EP:13:3:227","article-title":"Incidental Langerhans cell histiocytosis of thyroid: case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Foulet-Roge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23166","article-title":"Reduced bone mineral density in adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"58","author":"Makras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26784","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26784","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients with central nervous system abnormalities: current views and new vistas","volume":"65","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18422","article-title":"Classical and non-classical phenotypes of Erdheim-Chester disease: correlating clinical, radiographic and genotypic findings","volume":"199","author":"Hazim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-137","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Mazor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-561381","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management of Erdheim-Chester disease","volume":"124","author":"Diamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B31","first-page":"OR32-31","article-title":"Endocrine manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease: the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"15","author":"Hurtado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3357","article-title":"Endocrine manifestations in a monocentric cohort of 64 patients with Erdheim-Chester disease","volume":"101","author":"Courtillot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19169","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with Erdheim-Chester disease","volume":"3","author":"Shekhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018481","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease: case report with multisystemic manifestations including testes, thyroid, and lymph nodes, and a review of literature","volume":"57","author":"Sheu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.216937","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease with concomitant Rosai-Dorfman like lesions: a distinct entity mainly driven by MAP2K1","volume":"105","author":"Razanamahery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac741","article-title":"Prevalence, patterns and outcomes of cardiac involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease","volume":"44","author":"Azoulay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm118","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with multisystem Langerhans-cell histiocytosis: evidence of glucose metabolism abnormalities","volume":"101","author":"Alexandraki","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0653-6","article-title":"Activating mutations in CSF1R and additional receptor tyrosine kinases in histiocytic neoplasms","volume":"25","author":"Durham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.55","article-title":"Mutually exclusive recurrent KRAS and MAP2K1 mutations in Rosai-Dorfman disease","volume":"30","author":"Garces","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.219626","article-title":"Clinicopathological features, treatment approaches, and outcomes in Rosai-Dorfman disease","volume":"105","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00461.x","article-title":"Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting as a pituitary tumour","volume":"50","author":"Kelly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481402100408","article-title":"Rosai-Dorfman disease: tumor biology, clinical features, pathology, and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Dalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000030","article-title":"Rosai-Dorfman disease of the central nervous system: report of 6 cases and review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"Sandoval-Sus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0192","article-title":"Thyroid involvement in Rosai-Dorfman disease","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14845","article-title":"Generalized eruptive histiocytoma developing into xanthoma disseminatum with central diabetes insipidus","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B46","first-page":"777","article-title":"Xanthoma disseminatum, a rare cause of diabetes insipidus","volume":"76","author":"Odell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10117","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31934-7","article-title":"Xanthoma disseminatum","volume":"391","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31348","article-title":"CNS Langerhans cell histiocytosis: common hematopoietic origin for LCH-associated neurodegeneration and mass lesions","volume":"124","author":"McClain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13866","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus in adults","volume":"90","author":"Garrahy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803760","article-title":"A copeptin-based approach in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus","volume":"379","author":"Fenske","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13232","article-title":"Baseline morning cortisol level as a predictor of pituitary-adrenal reserve: a comparison across three assays","volume":"86","author":"Sbardella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02062-y","article-title":"Morning serum cortisol role in the adrenal insufficiency diagnosis with modern cortisol assays","volume":"46","author":"Fragoso Perozo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab022","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab022","article-title":"New cutoffs for the biochemical diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency after ACTH stimulation using specific cortisol assays","volume":"5","author":"Javorsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1700","article-title":"ACTH stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ospina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.02.008","article-title":"Clinical implications for biochemical diagnostic thresholds of adrenal sufficiency using a highly specific cortisol immunoassay","volume":"50","author":"Kline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8216","article-title":"Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency?","volume":"87","author":"Hartman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Molitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care","volume":"25","author":"Yuen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8509","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency","volume":"87","author":"Biller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2118","article-title":"Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.347130132","article-title":"More than just Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a radiologic review of histiocytic disorders","volume":"34","author":"Zaveri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30031-1","article-title":"Histiocytoses: emerging neoplasia behind inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Haroche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1844","article-title":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults is associated with a high prevalence of hematologic and solid malignancies","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01181-0","article-title":"Safety of endoscopic endonasal biopsy for the pituitary stalk-hypothalamic lesions","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"7749","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1012-y","article-title":"Efficacy of MEK inhibition in patients with histiocytic neoplasms","volume":"567","author":"Diamond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01125.x","article-title":"Growth and endocrine disorders in multisystem Langerhans\u2019 cell histiocytosis","volume":"53","author":"Nanduri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-569301","article-title":"How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"126","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4704-5","article-title":"European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"30","author":"Kanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa048","article-title":"Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an endocrine society guideline update","volume":"105","author":"Shoback","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E282","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2654","article-title":"Rationale for the application of RANKL inhibition in the treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"100","author":"Makras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E168","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26936","article-title":"Efficacy of denosumab monotherapy among adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Makras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13640","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413640","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis in men: a narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Vescini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B74","first-page":"543","article-title":"Testosterone replacement therapy for male hypogonadism","volume":"109","author":"Heidelbaugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030907","article-title":"Incidence of growth hormone deficiency in pediatric-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis: efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment","volume":"89","author":"Donadieu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052713011555000_dgae827-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00166","article-title":"Growth hormone's links to cancer","volume":"40","author":"Boguszewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae827\/61236962\/dgae827.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/6\/1756\/61236962\/dgae827.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/6\/1756\/61236962\/dgae827.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1748351028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/6\/1756\/7928647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae827","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}