{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:38:24Z","timestamp":1790879904157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the increased burden of mental health problems among patients with classic 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is well-documented, it remains unclear if this comorbidity is attributable to the burden of living with a chronic medical condition or the potential psychosocial\/sexual consequences of being born with a difference of sex development (DSD) and its associated clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses among patients with CAH and 3 reference groups: matched males and females from the general population, and females with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using 3 large integrated health systems. Participants included patients with CAH (n = 115), general population male and female referents (n = 1150 per group), and 66 002 female T1DM referents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and suicidal ideation was higher among CAH participants than in males and females from the general population, but similar to or lower than in T1DM referents. Patients with CAH were more likely to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders than both female reference groups, whereas the prevalence of elimination disorders (predominantly enuresis) and gender dysphoria was higher in the CAH cohort than in all reference groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females with classic CAH experience a higher burden of psychiatric illness, including anxiety and depression, than demographically similar men and women in the general population. The similar psychiatric burden between females with CAH and T1DM suggests that morbidity may be influenced by the challenges associated with managing a chronic condition. Investigating long-term mental health trajectories in this population will require longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T15:23:25Z","timestamp":1733239405000},"page":"e2562-e2569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad Sorouri","family":"Khorashad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan B. Meister Child Health and Evaluation Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84108 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7995-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumaima","family":"Kaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan B. Meister Child Health and Evaluation Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darios","family":"Getahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California , Pasadena, CA 91101 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine , Pasadena, CA 91101 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy L","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3378-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California , Pasadena, CA 91101 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Georgia , Atlanta, GA 30305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Muzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suma","family":"Vupputuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States , Rockville, MD 20002 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Yacoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan B. Meister Child Health and Evaluation Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B1","first-page":"867","volume-title":"Williams Textbook of Endocrinology","author":"Chan","year":"2020","edition":"Fourteenth ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab016","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia-current insights in pathophysiology, diagnostics, and management","volume":"43","author":"Claahsen-van der Grinten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01865","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"103","author":"Speiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-4338-5","article-title":"Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"34","author":"Dessens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784297","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2010-784297","article-title":"Long-term gynecological outcomes in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"2010","author":"Johannsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154506","article-title":"Body image and quality of life in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Tschaidse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.05.016","article-title":"Life with congenital adrenal hyperplasia study group. Growing up with clitoromegaly: experiences of north American women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"18","author":"Szymanski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1003-8","article-title":"Stigma associated with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia in women's sexual lives","volume":"47","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0636","article-title":"Gender role behavior, sexuality, and psychosocial adaptation in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to CYP21A2 deficiency","volume":"94","author":"Fris\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0862-8","article-title":"Syndrome-related stigma in the general social environment as reported by women with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198712000-00002","article-title":"Genital examination and exposure experienced as nosocomial sexual abuse in childhood","volume":"175","author":"Money","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721421998341","article-title":"Evidence and implications from a natural experiment of prenatal androgen effects on gendered behavior","volume":"30","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B13","author":"Human Rights Watch"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000536296","article-title":"Multi-stakeholder opinion statement on the care of individuals born with differences of sex development: common ground and opportunities for improvement","author":"Cools","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"5S","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.008","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: current surgical management at academic medical centers in the United States","volume":"193","author":"Sturm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.04.001","article-title":"Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue: if (why), when, and how?","volume":"12","author":"Mouriquand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1139-6","article-title":"Mental health and disorders of sex development\/intersex conditions in Iranian culture: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 5-alpha reductase deficiency-type 2, and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Khorashad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.06.017","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and risk for psychiatric disorders in girls and women born between 1915 and 2010: a total population study","volume":"60","author":"Engberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0693","article-title":"Psychiatric characterization of children with genetic causes of hyperandrogenism","volume":"163","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00232-8","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"20","author":"Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B21","first-page":"66","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestations in young females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Taiwan","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000718","article-title":"Mental health of a large group of adults with disorders of sex development in six European countries","volume":"81","author":"de Vries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02294","article-title":"Quality of life in 70 women with disorders of sex development","volume":"155","author":"Johannsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129584","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1129584","article-title":"Depressive and anxiety disorders and antidepressant prescriptions among insured children and young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Harasymiw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2021.365","article-title":"Gender dsyphoria and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"17","author":"Doktur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.018","article-title":"Human gender development","volume":"118","author":"Hines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2022.2102018","article-title":"It was supposed to be a secret': a study of disclosure and stigma as experienced by adults with differences of sex development","volume":"10","author":"Media","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0841-0","article-title":"Gender issues and related social stigma affecting patients with a disorder of sex development in India","volume":"46","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13054","article-title":"The experience of women living with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: impact of the condition and the care given","volume":"85","author":"Engberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2009.22.2.143","article-title":"Variables related to behavioral and emotional problems and gender typed behaviors in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"22","author":"Oner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64451-9","article-title":"Androgens and gender role behaviour in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)","volume":"61","author":"Slijper","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539600100406","article-title":"A comparative study of sexual experiences: women with diabetes and women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"1","author":"May","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e063409","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063409","article-title":"Cohort profile: pathways to care among people with disorders of sex development (DSD)","volume":"12","author":"Goodman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0738","article-title":"International consensus conference on intersex organized by the lawson wilkins pediatric endocrine society, the European society for paediatric endocrinology. Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. International consensus conference on intersex","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7302\/24379","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in females with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: supplementary materials","author":"Khorashad","year":"1  2024","journal-title":"Deep Blue Documents"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":", DSM Task Force. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03920.x","article-title":"Quality of life is less impaired in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia because of 21-hydroxylase deficiency than in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"74","author":"Reisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.08.066","article-title":"Behavioral health diagnoses in youth with differences of sex development or congenital adrenal hyperplasia compared with controls: a PEDSnet study","volume":"239","author":"Sewell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B39"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1328","article-title":"Epidemiology and long-term adverse outcomes in Korean patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a nationwide study","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsq104","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with chronic physical illness: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Pinquart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.05.023","article-title":"The prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders in youth with asthma compared with controls","volume":"41","author":"Katon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0330-z","article-title":"The association between chronic illness, multimorbidity and depressive symptoms in an Australian primary care cohort","volume":"47","author":"Gunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09147","article-title":"Depression and multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study of 1,751,841 patients in primary care","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9265-1","article-title":"Sexual orientation in women with classical or non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of degree of prenatal androgen excess","volume":"37","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.12.002","article-title":"Sexual orientation and medical history among Iranian people with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"92","author":"Khorashad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01332-3","article-title":"Sexual function in women with androgen excess disorders: classic forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"44","author":"K\u0119pczy\u0144ska-Nyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01863","article-title":"Genital reconstructive surgery in females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Almasri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.03.007","article-title":"Psychological adjustment and sexual development of adolescents with disorders of sex development","volume":"47","author":"Kleinemeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B50","first-page":"496","article-title":"Stigma in medical settings as reported retrospectively by women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) for their childhood and adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2015.1083949","article-title":"Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Pl\u00f6derl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.11.017","article-title":"Gender identity disorder (GID) in adolescents and adults with differences of sex development (DSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Babu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9068-9","article-title":"Gender development in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of disorder severity","volume":"35","author":"Meyer-Bahlburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0038","article-title":"Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"30","author":"Zucker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018936","article-title":"The intrapsychics of gender: a model of self-socialization","volume":"117","author":"Tobin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240.e1\u2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.01.006","article-title":"Long-term urinary symptoms in adolescent and adult women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"14","author":"Bogdanska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B57","first-page":"231","article-title":"Genital findings in the female pseudo-hermaphroditism of the congenital adrenogenital syndrome; morphology, frequency, development and heredity of the different genital forms]. [article in German","volume":"9","author":"Prader","year":"1954","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01515-9","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614560786","article-title":"Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: a review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Zingone","year":"2015","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.014","article-title":"Genetic factors underlying the bidirectional relationship between autoimmune and mental disorders\u2014findings from a Danish population-based study","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283477a09","article-title":"Age of onset and timing of treatment for mental and substance use disorders: implications for preventive intervention strategies and models of care","volume":"24","author":"McGorry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082113270050100_dgae831-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003023","article-title":"Developmental psychopathology: concepts and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Rutter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae831\/61201745\/dgae831.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/8\/e2562\/61201745\/dgae831.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/8\/e2562\/61201745\/dgae831.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:27:13Z","timestamp":1787333233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/8\/e2562\/7916582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae831","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]}}}