{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:24:00Z","timestamp":1791908640260,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1104231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1104231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019032","name":"Region \u00d6rebro Research Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OLL-970566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OLL-970566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019032","name":"Region \u00d6rebro Research Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OLL-942177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OLL-942177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015069","name":"South Western Sydney Local Health District Academic Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018822","name":"Western Sydney University Ainsworth Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the prevalence and clinical characteristics of early gestational diabetes (eGDM) and associated birth outcomes among women of different ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of an international, multicenter randomized controlled trial of treating eGDM among pregnant women with GDM risk factors enrolled at &amp;lt;\u202f20 weeks\u2019 gestation. GDM diagnosis was made using WHO-2013 criteria. Ethnicity was classified by self-identification. While Europids required at least one risk factor for recruitment, for others, ethnicity itself was a risk factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among women of Europid (n = 1567), South Asian (SA: n = 971), East and South-East Asian (ESEA: n = 498), Middle Eastern (ME: n = 242), and M\u0101ori and Pasifika (MP: n = 174) ethnicities; MP (26.4%) had the highest eGDM crude prevalence compared with Europid (20.3%), SA (24.7%), ESEA (22.3%), and ME (21.1%) (P &amp;lt; .001). Compared with Europid, the highest eGDM adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was seen in SA (2.43 [95% CI 1.9-3.11]) and ESEA (aOR 2.28 [95% CI 1.68-3.08]); in late GDM, SA had the highest prevalence (20.4%: aOR 2.16 [95% CI 1.61-2.9]). Glucose patterns varied between ethnic groups and ESEA were predominantly diagnosed with eGDM through post-glucose load values, while all other ethnic groups were mainly diagnosed on fasting glucose values. There were no differences in the eGDM composite primary outcome or neonatal and pregnancy-related hypertension outcomes between the ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In women with risk factors, eGDM was most prevalent in SA and ESEA women, particularly identified by the post-glucose load samples. These findings suggest an early oral glucose tolerance test should particularly be performed in women from these ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T07:20:53Z","timestamp":1733383253000},"page":"e2471-e2484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ethnic Differences in Characteristics of Women Diagnosed With Early Gestational Diabetes: Findings From the TOBOGM Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown, NSW 2751 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Hospital and University of New South Wales , Liverpool, NSW 2170 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2020-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincy","family":"Immanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown, NSW 2751 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William M","family":"Hague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N Wah","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital , Westmead, NSW 2145 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Teede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Hibbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital , Kingswood, NSW 2747 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6964-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canberra Hospital and School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6055-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital , Kingswood, NSW 2747 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff R","family":"Flack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown, NSW 2751 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital , Bankstown, NSW 2200 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital , Blacktown, NSW 2148 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianne","family":"Sweeting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown, NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kautzky-Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna , 1010 Wien ,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Landesklinikum Scheibbs , 3270 Scheibbs ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Harreiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna , 1010 Wien ,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Landesklinikum Scheibbs , 3270 Scheibbs ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Gianatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, WA 6150 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre , Chennai 600 086 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