{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:50:29Z","timestamp":1788144629548,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Canada\u2019s Chemicals Management Plan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During pregnancy, women who experience certain pregnancy complications show elevations in biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance; however, few studies have examined these cardiometabolic biomarkers in the decade following pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the association between pregnancy complications and cardiometabolic biomarkers 9 years postpartum including blood pressure, blood lipids, body fat percentage, insulin resistance [glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), leptin, adiponectin], and inflammation (high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using data from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort study (2008-2021), we determined 3 groups of pregnancy complications: (1) hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (n = 35); (2) any pregnancy complication in the index pregnancy, defined as preterm birth, HDP, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 55); and (3) self-reported recurrence of 1 of these pregnancy complications (n = 19). Our comparison group included 186 women with uncomplicated pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In our adjusted linear regression results, all pregnancy complication groups showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure 9 years later. HOMA-IR was 23% [95% confidence interval (CI): \u22124.4%, 57%], 26% (95% CI: 2.0%, 55%), and 51% (95% CI: 12%, 104%) higher at follow-up in participants who had experienced a prior HDP, an index pregnancy complication, or a recurrent pregnancy complication, respectively. Elevations were also seen with HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, and leptin, especially among those with recurrent complications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study contributes to the body of evidence that women with a history of certain pregnancy complications merit special attention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. We recommend further exploration into these associations in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:30:47Z","timestamp":1737592247000},"page":"2879-2891","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Association Between Pregnancy Complications and Long-term Maternal Cardiometabolic Health in the MIREC Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa , ON , K1G 5Z3","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , K7L 2V7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth K","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa , ON , K1G 5Z3","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tye E","family":"Arbuckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa , ON , K1G 5Z3","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Morisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, Laval University , Qu\u00e9bec City, QC , G1V 0A6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Lanphear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University , Vancouver, BC , V4A 1S6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University , Providence, RI 02903 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Premkumari","family":"Kumarathasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8974-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , K1H 8L6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M","family":"Borghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9958-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian","family":"Ashley-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Shutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Dodds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , B3K 6R8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON , K1S 5B6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Palaniyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON , K1S 5B6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Helewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital , Winnipeg, MB , R2H 2A6","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayne","family":"Taback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , R3E 3P5","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Massarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , K1A 0K9","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R","family":"Palmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , M5G 1X8","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Krzeczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catherines, ON , L2S 3A1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUS and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC , J1H 5N4","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015634","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015634","article-title":"State of the science in Women's cardiovascular disease: a Canadian perspective on the influence of sex and gender","volume":"9","author":"Norris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2021.18","article-title":"The fourth trimester","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Card Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031403","article-title":"Association of spontaneous preterm delivery and future maternal cardiovascular disease","volume":"137","author":"Minissian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxt006","article-title":"Pregnancy characteristics and women's future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women's health?","volume":"36","author":"Rich-Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9762-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7627","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.385301.BE","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"335","author":"Bellamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036748","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality in women with a history of pregnancy complications: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Grandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15394","article-title":"Recurrence of pre-eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Brouwers","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000143849.67254.ca","article-title":"Short- and long-term changes in plasma inflammatory markers associated with preeclampsia","volume":"44","author":"Freeman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.044784","article-title":"Associations of pregnancy complications with calculated cardiovascular disease risk and cardiovascular risk factors in middle age: the avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"125","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040544","article-title":"Maternal cardiovascular risk assessment 3- to-11 years postpartum in relation to previous occurrence of pregnancy-related complications","volume":"8","author":"Hromadnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154012","article-title":"Effects of preeclampsia and eclampsia on maternal metabolic and biochemical outcomes in later life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Alonso-Ventura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.3.327","article-title":"C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"286","author":"Pradhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7255","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7255.199","article-title":"Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta- analyses","volume":"321","author":"Danesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in diabetes","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055014.62083.05","article-title":"C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women","volume":"107","author":"Ridker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.109934","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein is elevated 30 years after eclamptic pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Hubel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20126","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and pre-eclampsia","volume":"54","author":"Hooijschuur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320156","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5320156","article-title":"Determinants of maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy: an updated overview","volume":"2019","author":"Kampmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:29:1:81","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived hormones, cytokines, and mediators","volume":"29","author":"Rondinone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0133","article-title":"C-reactive protein causes insulin resistance in mice through fcg receptor IIB-mediated inhibition of skeletal muscle glucose delivery","volume":"62","author":"Tanigaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12273","article-title":"Mother's pre-pregnancy BMI is an important determinant of adverse cardiometabolic risk in childhood","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031326","article-title":"Adiponectin as a potential biomarker for pregnancy disorders","volume":"22","author":"Pheiffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.232","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy a manifestation of the insulin resistance syndrome?","volume":"37","author":"Solomon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2010.525273","article-title":"Adiponectin levels in circulation and breast milk and mRNA expression in adipose tissue of preeclampsia women","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens Pregnancy"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12716","article-title":"\u03b2-Cell adaptation in pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Baeyens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113467","article-title":"Maternal \u03b2-cell adaptations in pregnancy and placental signalling: implications for gestational diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Moyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415576541","article-title":"Characterization of antibodies to products of proinsulin processing using immunofluorescence staining of pancreas in multiple Species","volume":"63","author":"Asadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00061-5","article-title":"Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes Mellitus in women","volume":"114","author":"Pradhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-010-0201-9","article-title":"Serum levels of proamylin and amylin in normal subjects and patients with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400421","article-title":"Fasting proinsulin and 2-h post-load glucose levels predict the conversion to NIDDM in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Hoorn Study","volume":"39","author":"Nijpels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124028","article-title":"Both fasting and glucose-stimulated proinsulin levels predict hyperglycemia and incident type 2 diabetes: a population- based study of 9, 396 Finnish men","volume":"10","author":"Vangipurapu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B34","first-page":"944","article-title":"Adipocytokines during pregnancy and postpartum in women with gestational diabetes and healthy controls","volume":"36","author":"Boyadzhieva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087528","article-title":"Previous hypertensive disease of pregnancy is associated with alterations of markers of insulin resistance","volume":"49","author":"Girouard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12061","article-title":"Cohort profile: the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals research platform","volume":"27","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47014","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10825","article-title":"Individual, independent, and combined associations of toxic metals and manganese on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: results from the MIREC Canadian pregnancy cohort","volume":"131","author":"Borghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enviornmental Heal Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30205-5","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes Mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Canada"},{"issue":"Supp. 1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B39","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, 2008","volume":"32","author":"Canadian Diabetes Association","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.05.016","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and metals in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: the MIREC study","volume":"83","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B41","first-page":"402","article-title":"The association between pregnancy complications and long-term maternal cardiometabolic health in the MIREC cohort study supplemental materials","volume":"109","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12962","article-title":"Association between toxic metals, vitamin D and preterm birth in the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals study","volume":"37","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438. e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.12.001","article-title":"The maternal health clinic: an initiative for cardiovascular risk identification in women with pregnancy-related complications","volume":"210","author":"Cusimano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B44","author":"Nu\u00f1ez","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199905001-00926","article-title":"Validity of consumer model bioimpedance analysis system with established dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)","volume":"31","author":"Rubiano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318225c2be","article-title":"DAGitty: a graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams","volume":"22","author":"Textor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43","article-title":"A structural approach to selection bias","volume":"15","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab202","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy diet, postnatal home environment and executive function and behavior in 3- to 4-y-olds","volume":"114","author":"Mortaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data: concepts and new development (version 9.0)","volume":"45","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026696","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026696","article-title":"Breastfeeding and later- life cardiometabolic health in women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Magnus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-161610","article-title":"Failure to initiate breastfeeding among high risk obstetrical patients who intended to breastfeed","volume":"9","author":"Cordero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinat. Med"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B54","author":"Health Canada"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.694","article-title":"Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index","volume":"72","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.13-2-182","article-title":"Hypertension \u2013 a clinical update for physicians","volume":"13","author":"Musameh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B57","author":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00061-5","article-title":"Insulin, proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in women","volume":"114","author":"Pradhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-13-47","article-title":"Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Gayoso-Diz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B60","volume-title":"Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","author":"Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B61","first-page":"384","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Ridker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.002774","article-title":"Impact of blood pressure and blood pressure change during middle age on the remaining lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease: the cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project","volume":"125","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32831d81a7","article-title":"Altered alanine aminotransferase and \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase in women with history of preeclampsia: association with waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index","volume":"21","author":"Portelinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B64","first-page":"1129","article-title":"2021 Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults","volume":"37","author":"Pearson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.025","article-title":"Is maternal lipid profile in early pregnancy associated with pregnancy complications and blood pressure in pregnancy and long term postpartum?","volume":"221","author":"Adank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B66","first-page":"225","article-title":"The impact of C reactive protein on global cardiovascular risk on patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"39","author":"Cozlea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Heal Sci J"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019725","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019725","article-title":"Cardiovascular health trajectories and elevated C-reactive protein: the CARDIA study","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz-Ramie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American Heart Association","volume":"107","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1600-8","article-title":"Low adiponectin concentration during pregnancy predicts postpartum insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and fasting glycaemia","volume":"53","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000515530","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein for prediction or early detection of Pre-eclampsia: a systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Hamadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283642f6c","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels later in life","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.035","article-title":"A history of preeclampsia identifies women who have underlying cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"200","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.113423","article-title":"A relationship between insulin sensitivity and vasodilation in women with a history of preeclamptic pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Lampinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711421079","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in women 10 years post early preeclampsia: the preeclampsia risk EValuation in FEMales study (PREVFEM)","volume":"19","author":"Drost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.07.003","article-title":"Insulin resistance relates to microvascular reactivity 23years after preeclampsia","volume":"80","author":"Spaan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1032130","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between body fat percentage and risk of type diabetes in Chinese adults: evidence from the China health and nutrition survey","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.62871","article-title":"Fat-to-muscle ratio: a new indicator for coronary artery disease in healthy adults","volume":"18","author":"Eun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.055","article-title":"Early-pregnancy percent body fat in relation to preeclampsia risk in obese women","volume":"212","author":"Sween","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2941","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab223","article-title":"Maternal adiposity and energy balance after normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"106","author":"McLennan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"March","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women after maternal complications of pregnancy: an observational cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Aldridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071970","article-title":"Leptin and nutrition in gestational diabetes","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2915-8","article-title":"Maternal serum leptin as a marker of preeclampsia","volume":"288","author":"El Shahat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1430","article-title":"Persistence of risk for type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes Mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Diaz-Santana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1358","article-title":"Hba1c and the prediction of type 2 diabetes in children and adults","volume":"40","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072144","article-title":"Insulin resistance predicts severity of coronary atherosclerotic disease in non-diabetic patients","volume":"9","author":"Strisciuglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00691-3","article-title":"Association between early-pregnancy serum C-peptide and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case\u2013control study among Chinese women","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.4.609","article-title":"Intact proinsulin and \u03b2-cell function in lean and obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"R\u00f8der","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025091917020382900_dgaf041-B88","first-page":"e1976","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and long-term maternal cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers","volume":"41","author":"Battarbee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am M Perinatol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf041\/61573253\/dgaf041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/10\/2879\/61573253\/dgaf041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/10\/2879\/61573253\/dgaf041.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T21:02:22Z","timestamp":1758315742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/10\/2879\/7973902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}}}