{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:40:41Z","timestamp":1774953641097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7232180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7232180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Project of Peking University First Hospital","award":["2024IR33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024IR33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were recognized to cause endocrine adverse reactions (EARs). However, combination therapy-associated EARs are still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a retrospective study based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. We identified 938 464 cases of all adverse events related to 3 types of treatments. A total of 22 275 cases were EARs and divided into TKIs (n = 9181), ICIs (n = 11 363), and TKIs + ICIs group (n = 1731).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of EARs was the highest in TKIs + ICIs followed by the ICIs and TKIs group. The TKIs + ICIs group had a higher risk of hypothyroidism than the ICIs group [odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-1.69] and a lower risk compared to the TKIs group (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58-0.79). The TKIs + ICIs group presented a higher risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to the TKIs group (OR 26.61, 95% CI 18.60-38.07) but a lower risk compared to the ICIs group (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47-0.84). The risk of hypoglycemia was approximately 2.77 times greater in the TKIs + ICIs group than in the ICIs group (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.95-3.95) and was also higher in the TKIs group compared to the ICIs group (OR 3.44, 95% CI 2.93-4.03). Compared to the ICIs group, the TKIs + ICIs group did not display a higher risk of pituitary dysfunction and primary adrenal insufficiency. The mortality risk of the TKIs + ICIs group was comparable to the ICIs group but was significantly lower than the TKIs group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>EARs were more common in TKIs + ICIs therapy. The distribution of EARs in different glands varied among combination therapy and monotherapy. Combination therapy-associated EARs did not increase the risk of mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T19:02:31Z","timestamp":1740250951000},"page":"e3857-e3865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Endocrine Adverse Reactions of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing 100034 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital , Beijing 100034 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