{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1763423766397,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African National Department of Health, the UK Medical Research Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010897","name":"Newton Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GSK Africa Non-Communicable Disease Open Lab","award":["ES\/N013891\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/N013891\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"South African National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID:99108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID:99108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006084","name":"Office of AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54HG006938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54HG006938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"H3Africa Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016962","name":"Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/CON 0056\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/CON 0056\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH\/Fogarty International Centre","award":["D43TW010937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010937"]}]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh HIV Comorbidities Research Training Program"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)\/National Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex hormone\u2013binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone are differentially associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work aimed to investigate whether the associations between SHBG, testosterone, and T2D risk differ by HIV and menopausal status in Black African women living with HIV (WH) and without HIV (WOH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional observational study took place at the Health Research Unit in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. A total of 81 premenopausal (57 WOH, 24 WH) and 280 postmenopausal (236 WOH, 44 WH) women from the Middle-Aged Soweto Cohort (MASC) participated. Main outcome measures included circulating SHBG and sex hormones, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), secretion (insulinogenic index) and clearance, and \u03b2-cell function (disposition index, DI). Dysglycemia was defined as either impaired fasting or postprandial glucose or T2D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SHBG was higher and total and free testosterone were lower in postmenopausal WH than WOH (all P \u2264 .023). Irrespective of HIV serostatus, SHBG was positively associated with Matsuda index, insulin clearance, and DI and inversely with HOMA-IR (all P &amp;lt; .011). The association between SHBG and Matsuda index was stronger in premenopausal than postmenopausal women (P = .043 for interaction). Free testosterone (and not total testosterone) was only negatively associated with basal insulin clearance (P = .021) and positively associated with HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) in premenopausal and not postmenopausal women (P = .015 for interaction).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show for the first time that midlife African WH have higher SHBG and lower total and free testosterone than WOH, which corresponded to their higher \u03b2-cell function, suggesting a putative protective effect of SHBG on T2D risk in WH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T08:24:48Z","timestamp":1745655888000},"page":"3380-3390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SHBG, Testosterone, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged African Women: Exploring the Effect of HIV and Menopause"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6795-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia H","family":"Goedecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council , 7505 Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 SE-901 87 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement Nyuyki","family":"Kufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2050 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maphoko","family":"Masemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamosilo","family":"Lichaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2050 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikanyeng D","family":"Seipone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council , 7505 Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy E","family":"Mendham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Riverland Mallee Coorong Local Health Network, South Australia Health , Berri, South Australia 5343 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), FIMS International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, 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M","family":"Magodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Observatory, 7925 Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre Pascal","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , 7505 Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinashe","family":"Chikowore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel J","family":"Crowther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences , 2193 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane A","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 2198 Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"School of Human Development and Health, University of the Southampton , Southampton SO16 6HW ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Karpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9LE ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Radcliffe 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