{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:12:44Z","timestamp":1792080764690,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2706300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2706300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Project of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX09304022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX09304022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety in adolescent boys with idiopathic short stature (ISS) when treated with third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs), the combination of letrozole or anastrozole with recombinant human GH (rhGH), and compare adult height (AHt) augmentation following the treatment with rhGH combined with AIs or GnRH analog (GnRHa) in male adolescents with ISS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected data from adolescent boys with ISS and a bone age \u2265 13 years who received treatment at Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from May 2017 to June 2023. Patients were allocated into the combined letrozole and rhGH group, the combined anastrozole and rhGH group, and the combined GnRHa and rhGH group based on their treatment. Three groups were matched by propensity score matching. There were 32 cases in each group. Follow-up was conducted every 3 months until AHt. Adverse events were monitored throughout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SD scores of AHt adjusted for target height in the letrozole, anastrozole, and GnRHa groups were 0.60 \u00b1 0.28, 0.81 \u00b1 0.34, and 0.48 \u00b1 0.17, respectively. Compared with the letrozole and GnRHa groups, the anastrazole and rhGH combination group showed the most significant increase in AHt (P &amp;lt; .01). The abnormal monitoring indicators of the AIs group gradually returned to normal following the termination of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For adolescent males with ISS and a bone age \u2265 13 years, the combination of AI and rhGH significantly increased the AHt. Finally, our analyses showed that anastrozole exerts more significant effects with regard to augmenting AHt with fewer adverse reactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T07:39:12Z","timestamp":1746430752000},"page":"e2871-e2877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Combination of Aromatase Inhibitors and GH Treatment for Idiopathic Short Stature in Male Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6698-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiling","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9254-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2922-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3748-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases , Wuhan 430030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000502231","article-title":"Diagnosis, genetics, and therapy of short stature in children: a growth hormone research society international perspective","volume":"92","author":"Collett-Solberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.56","article-title":"Vertebral morphology in aromatase inhibitor-treated males with idiopathic short stature or constitutional delay of puberty","volume":"25","author":"Hero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04429-9","article-title":"Effects of different therapy regimens to increase final adult height in males at advanced bone age with idiopathic short stature","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.149316","article-title":"Challenges and controversies in diagnosis and management of gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty: an Indian perspective","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2272","article-title":"Final height outcome after three years of growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in short adolescents with relatively early puberty","volume":"92","author":"van Gool","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0793","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment in childhood and adolescence: a single center, long-term follow-up study","volume":"95","author":"Magiakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000439338","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of short stature","volume":"30","author":"Hero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1392","article-title":"Inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis with a potent aromatase inhibitor increases predicted adult height in boys with idiopathic short stature: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Hero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1159\/000315482","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of letrozole to oxandrolone effects upon growth and puberty of children with constitutional delay of puberty and idiopathic short stature","volume":"74","author":"Salehpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2432","article-title":"Letrozole vs anastrozole for height augmentation in short pubertal males: first year data","volume":"99","author":"Neely","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2891","article-title":"Randomized trial of aromatase inhibitors, growth hormone, or combination in pubertal boys with idiopathic, short stature","volume":"101","author":"Mauras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0470","article-title":"Outcome analysis of aromatase inhibitor therapy to increase adult height in males with predicted short adult stature and\/or rapid pubertal progress: a retrospective chart review","volume":"27","author":"Shams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0509","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the growth hormone research society, the lawson wilkins pediatric endocrine society, and the European society for paediatric endocrinology workshop","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72835-5","article-title":"Skeletal age prediction model from percentage of adult height in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Olivares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70221-0","article-title":"Bayley-Pinneau method of height prediction in girls with central precocious puberty: correlation with adult height","volume":"126","author":"Bar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2014.05.002","article-title":"Adolescent growth and development","volume":"41","author":"Chulani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6387","article-title":"Adult height in short normal girls treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and growth hormone","volume":"85","author":"Pasquino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-93","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors in men: effects and therapeutic options","volume":"9","author":"de Ronde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvae141","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae141","article-title":"Anastrozole vs letrozole to augment height in pubertal males with idiopathic short stature: a 3-year randomized trial","volume":"8","author":"Zegarra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00233","article-title":"The beneficial effect of combined GH\/GnRHa therapy in increasing adult height outcome in children with ISS","volume":"104","author":"Lazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2015.20.1.8","article-title":"Pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion","volume":"20","author":"Shim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220524","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-4292-2022-0524","article-title":"The effect of anastrozole therapy on final height and sex hormone levels in pubertal boys receiving growth hormone therapy","volume":"68","author":"Tar\u00e7\u0131n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1159\/000499929","article-title":"The effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue on final adult height in children with idiopathic short stature","volume":"28","author":"Khawaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0016","article-title":"History of aromatase: saga of an important biological mediator and therapeutic target","volume":"30","author":"Santen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v1i6.256","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors to augment height: continued caution and study required","volume":"1","author":"Geffner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac014","article-title":"Management of growth disorders in puberty: GH, GnRHa, and aromatase inhibitors: a clinical review","volume":"44","author":"Mauras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0982","article-title":"Comparative assessment in young and elderly men of the gonadotropin response to aromatase inhibition","volume":"90","author":"T'Sjoen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14340","article-title":"Spironolactone in dermatology: uses in acne and beyond","volume":"45","author":"Searle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.04.005","article-title":"The influence of high-normal testosterone levels on risk-taking in healthy males in a 1-week letrozole administration study","volume":"35","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472908","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1472908","article-title":"Editorial: steroid receptors in neuron and glia","volume":"15","author":"Le Menuet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2008.11.010","article-title":"Synthesis and PET studies of [(11)C-cyano]letrozole (femara), an aromatase inhibitor drug","volume":"36","author":"Kil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"issue":"15 Suppl","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B32","first-page":"s281","article-title":"Translating clinical guidelines into practice: the effective and appropriate use of human growth hormone","volume":"19","author":"Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000351025","article-title":"Personalized approach to growth hormone treatment: clinical use of growth prediction models","volume":"79","author":"Wit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081215531605200_dgaf271-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02524-9","article-title":"Positive interaction between GPER and \u03b2-alanine in the dorsal root ganglion uncovers potential mechanisms: mediating continuous neuronal sensitization and neuroinflammation responses in neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf271\/63067879\/dgaf271.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/9\/e2871\/63067879\/dgaf271.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/9\/e2871\/63067879\/dgaf271.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T19:53:29Z","timestamp":1755028409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/9\/e2871\/8125692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}