{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:29:26Z","timestamp":1766068166032,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STG\/19\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STG\/19\/003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014091","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013075","name":"Mundipharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More data are needed on the long-term postpartum metabolic risk of women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy less than gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the 2013 World Health Organization criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work aimed to determine the association of different degrees of gestational glucose intolerance (GI) on the metabolic profile and risk for GI in women and offspring 3 to 7 years postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicentric prospective follow-up study of the Belgian Diabetes in Pregnancy study (BEDIP-N, which was a prospective observational study) included 334 women and 296 children. Groups were stratified according to antenatal glucose challenge test (GCT) and diagnosis of GDM based on the 2013 World Health Organization criteria: normal glucose tolerant women with normal GCT (normal GCT-NGT group), NGT with abnormal GCT (abnormal GCT-NGT group), and a GDM group. Logistic regression was performed to adjust for following confounders: time since participation in BEDIP-N, ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), age, and current BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GCT cutoff with the highest Youden index to predict GI in mothers 5.7 years postpartum was greater than or equal to 8.3\u2005mmol\/L (\u2265150\u2005mg\/dL). NGT women with GCT greater than or equal to 8.3\u2005mmol\/L (abnormal GCT-NGT group, n = 39) had a similarly increased risk for GI as women with GDM (n = 82) with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.87 (1.47-5.60; P = .0020) compared to the normal GCT-NGT group (n = 213). \u03b2-Cell function decreased over the different gestational glucose tolerance groups, with similar \u03b2-cell dysfunction in the GDM and abnormal GCT-NGT groups. Offspring of women with hyperglycemia less than GDM did not have an increased risk for an adverse metabolic profile postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NGT women with GCT greater than or equal to 8.3\u2005mmol\/L (\u2265150\u2005mg\/dL) in pregnancy have a similarly high risk for GI 5.7 years postpartum as women with GDM. These women also need postpartum follow-up to prevent GI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T07:27:01Z","timestamp":1746689221000},"page":"e281-e291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Women With Higher GCT Levels but NGT Have a Similarly High Risk for Glucose Intolerance Postpartum as Women With GDM"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Lore","family":"Raets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Van Hoorenbeeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 , Antwerp 2610 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toon","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imelda ziekenhuis , Bonheiden 2820 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DaHae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imelda ziekenhuis , Bonheiden 2820 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"De Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem 2650 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eveline","family":"Dirinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem 2650 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Van Pottelbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, OLV-Ziekenhuis Aalst-Asse-Ninove , Aalst 9300 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Wierckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, OLV-Ziekenhuis Aalst-Asse-Ninove , Aalst 9300 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annouschka","family":"Laenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biostatics and Statistical bioinformatics, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Bogaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development & Regeneration, REALIFE Research Group KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4055-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3325-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrien","family":"Benhalima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200524531","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"115","author":"Buchanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9786","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60614-4","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management","volume":"378","author":"Nolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12381","article-title":"Trying to understand gestational diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Catalano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"9677","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1400","article-title":"Role of type 2 diabetes in determining retinal, renal, and cardiovascular outcomes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087863","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome risk after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0514","article-title":"Adiposity, dysmetabolic traits, and earlier onset of female puberty in adolescent offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a clinical study within the Danish national birth cohort","volume":"40","author":"Grunnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020599","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and the long-term risk for glucose intolerance and overweight in the offspring: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Nijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12625","article-title":"Does exposure to hyperglycaemia in utero increase the risk of obesity and diabetes in the offspring? A critical reappraisal","volume":"32","author":"Donovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11628","article-title":"Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity","volume":"320","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2634","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and offspring obesity in late adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Bendor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00062-1","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Bardugo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1529","article-title":"Each degree of glucose intolerance in pregnancy predicts distinct trajectories of beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in the first 3 years postpartum","volume":"37","author":"Kramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0972","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and future risk of pre-diabetes or diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0126","article-title":"Isolated hyperglycemia at 1 hour on oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy resembles gestational diabetes mellitus in predicting postpartum metabolic dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0351","article-title":"Beta-cell function declines within the first year postpartum in women with recent glucose intolerance in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1957","article-title":"Modestly elevated glucose levels during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of future diabetes among women without gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Carr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1390","article-title":"Gestational glucose intolerance and risk of future diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Selen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02712.x","article-title":"Abnormal screening glucose challenge test in pregnancy and future risk of diabetes in young women","volume":"26","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"352","author":"Crowther","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Landon","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0556","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of the glucose challenge test in a universal two-step screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus using the 2013 World Health Organization criteria","volume":"41","author":"Benhalima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031025","article-title":"The Belgian diabetes in pregnancy follow-up study (BEDIP-FUS): a multi-centric prospective cohort study on the long-term metabolic risk across different degrees of gestational glucose intolerance: methodology and design","volume":"12","author":"Raets","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-226","article-title":"The Belgian diabetes in pregnancy study (BEDIP-N), a multi-centric prospective cohort study on screening for diabetes in pregnancy and gestational diabetes: methodology and design","volume":"14","author":"Benhalima","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raets L, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Maes T, et al \u00a0Women with higher GCT levels but NGT have a similarly high risk for glucose intolerance postpartum as women with GDM. Generic Digital Repository. 2025. Deposited.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf275"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0491","article-title":"ATLANTIC DIP: simplifying the follow-up of women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"169","author":"Noctor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad359","article-title":"The glucose challenge test in pregnancy identifies future risk of diabetes","volume":"108","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000261899","article-title":"Early-life predictors of higher body mass Index in healthy children","volume":"56","author":"Lamb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.11.010","article-title":"Interventions for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Blake-Lamb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000057","article-title":"The role of infant nutrition in the global epidemic of non-communicable disease","volume":"75","author":"Singhal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0333","article-title":"Sex-specific associations of gestational glucose tolerance with childhood body composition","volume":"36","author":"Regnault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195531","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and overweight in offspring at 5\u20137 years: the OBEGEST cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Le Moullec","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121807425595200_dgaf275-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803317","article-title":"The gender insulin hypothesis: why girls are born lighter than boys, and the implications for insulin resistance","volume":"30","author":"Wilkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf275\/63128794\/dgaf275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/1\/e281\/63128794\/dgaf275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/1\/e281\/63128794\/dgaf275.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:44:00Z","timestamp":1766061840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/111\/1\/e281\/8127142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-972X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7197"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]}}}