{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:13:43Z","timestamp":1793146423407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005709","name":"The Endocrine Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Primary aldosteronism (PA), a primary adrenal disorder leading to excessive aldosterone production by one or both adrenal glands, is a common cause of hypertension. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications compared with primary hypertension. Despite effective methods for diagnosing and treating PA, it remains markedly underdiagnosed and undertreated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To develop an updated guideline that provides a practical, clinical approach to identifying and managing PA to improve diagnosis rates and encourage targeted treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The Guideline Development Panel (GDP), composed of a multidisciplinary panel of clinical experts and experts in systemic review methodology, used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to define 10 questions related to the diagnosis and treatment of PA. Systematic reviews were conducted for each question. The GDP used the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework to consider contextual factors, such as stakeholder values and preferences, costs and required resources, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, feasibility, and the potential impact on health equity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We suggest that all individuals with hypertension be screened for PA by measuring aldosterone and renin and determining the aldosterone to renin ratio, and that subsequent clinical care be guided by the results. We suggest that individuals with PA receive PA-specific therapy, either medical or surgical. In individuals who screen positive for PA, we suggest (1) commencement of PA-specific medical therapy in individuals who do not desire or are not candidates for surgery and in situations where the probability of lateralizing PA (excess aldosterone produced by one adrenal) is low based on screening results; and (2) aldosterone suppression testing in situations when screening results indicate an intermediate probability for lateralizing PA and individualized decision making confirms a desire to pursue eligibility for surgical therapy. In those who test positive by aldosterone suppression testing, and in those in whom screening results show a high probability of lateralizing PA (obviating the need for aldosterone suppression testing), we suggest adrenal lateralization with computed tomography scanning and adrenal venous sampling prior to deciding the treatment approach (medical vs surgical). In all individuals with PA and an adrenal adenoma, we suggest performing a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test. We suggest the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) over epithelial sodium-channel (ENaC) inhibitors in the medical treatment of PA. We suggest the use of spironolactone over other MRAs, given its lower cost and greater availability; however, all MRAs, when titrated to equivalent potencies, are anticipated to have similar efficacy in treating PA. Thus, MRAs with greater mineralocorticoid receptor specificity and fewer androgen\/progesterone receptor-mediated side effects may be preferred in some situations. In individuals receiving MRA therapy, we suggest monitoring renin and, in those whose hypertension remains uncontrolled and renin is suppressed, titrating the MRA to increase renin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n These recommendations provide a practical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of PA. They are based on currently available literature and take into consideration outcomes that are important to key stakeholders. The goal is to increase identification of individuals with PA and, by initiating PA-specific medical or surgical therapy, improve blood pressure control and reduce PA-associated adverse cardiovascular events. The guidelines also highlight important knowledge gaps in PA diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T08:12:54Z","timestamp":1747123974000},"page":"2453-2495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":389,"title":["Primary Aldosteronism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail K","family":"Adler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stowasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland , Princess Alexandra Hospital, QLD 4102, Brisbane ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo R","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine , OH 44195 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, T2T 5C7 \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, T2T 5C7 \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Aldosteronism Foundation , 3533 E Ahwatukee Ct, Phoenix, AZ 85044 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mulatero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Hassan","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhian M","family":"Touyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montreal, H4A 3J1 \u00a0","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy A","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Munich 80336 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Victoria 3168 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Monash University , Victoria 3168 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William F","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Christina","family":"Zennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, PARCC , Paris F-75015 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique , Paris F-75015 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002216","article-title":"Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Monticone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0125","article-title":"Improvement in quality of life and psychological symptoms after treatment for primary aldosteronism: Asian cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13419","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13419","article-title":"Quality of life in primary aldosteronism: a prospective observational study","volume":"51","author":"Buffolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0138","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with bilateral primary aldosteronism before and during treatment with spironolactone and\/or amiloride, including a comparison with our previously published results in those with unilateral disease treated surgically","volume":"96","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)","volume":"45","author":"McEvoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30367-4","article-title":"Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11568","article-title":"Renal outcomes in medically and surgically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2003","article-title":"Incidence of atrial fibrillation and mineralocorticoid receptor activity in patients with medically and surgically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac290","article-title":"Enhancing the trustworthiness of the Endocrine Society's clinical practice guidelines","volume":"107","author":"McCartney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1907","article-title":"A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system","volume":"93","author":"Swiglo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B12","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018022954","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients","volume":"2","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2017.03.008","article-title":"GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: clinical practice guidelines","volume":"32","author":"Alonso-Coello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B15"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.01.004","article-title":"Standardized wording to improve efficiency and clarity of GRADE EtD frameworks in health guidelines","volume":"146","author":"Piggott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.02.003","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation's direction and strength","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.03.013","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30071-8","article-title":"Endocrine and haemodynamic changes in resistant hypertension, and blood pressure responses to spironolactone or amiloride: the PATHWAY-2 mechanisms substudies","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10008","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","article-title":"Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"386","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1972.03650060041007","article-title":"The syndrome of essential hypertension and suppressed plasma renin activity. Normalization of blood pressure with spironolactone","volume":"130","author":"Carey","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.12.005","article-title":"Effects of eplerenone versus losartan in patients with low-renin hypertension","volume":"150","author":"Weinberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0065","article-title":"The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study","volume":"173","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07214","article-title":"Suppression of aldosterone secretion after recumbent saline infusion does not exclude lateralized primary aldosteronism","volume":"68","author":"Cornu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae145","article-title":"The spectrum of dysregulated aldosterone production: an international human physiology study","volume":"109","author":"Parksook","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.24711","article-title":"ACE inhibition to distinguish low-renin hypertension from primary aldosteronism","volume":"82","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-03153","article-title":"Confirmatory testing for primary aldosteronism: a study of diagnostic test accuracy","author":"Leung","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5816","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5816.729","article-title":"Comparison of surgery and prolonged spironolactone therapy in patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0631","article-title":"Effectiveness of eplerenone or spironolactone treatment in preserving renal function in primary aldosteronism","volume":"168","author":"Fourkiotis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab174","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab174","article-title":"Increased dosage of MRA improves BP and urinary albumin excretion in primary aldosteronism with suppressed plasma renin","volume":"6","author":"Saiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13618","article-title":"Moderate dietary salt restriction improves blood pressure and mental well-being in patients with primary aldosteronism: the salt CONNtrol trial","volume":"294","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21096","article-title":"Association of reversal of renin suppression with long-term renal outcome in medically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"80","author":"Katsuragawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14849","article-title":"Long-term effects of primary aldosteronism treatment on patients with primary aldosteronism and chronic kidney disease","volume":"98","author":"Nakano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.052","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice","volume":"69","author":"Monticone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.02.052","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism in patients in China with recently detected hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51438","article-title":"Detecting primary aldosteronism in Australian primary care: a prospective study","volume":"216","author":"Libianto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.059","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1472","article-title":"Study heterogeneity and estimation of prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"101","author":"K\u00e4yser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119755","article-title":"Is primary aldosteronism still largely unrecognized?","volume":"49","author":"Buffolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042711-135929","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronism as a common cause of resistant hypertension","volume":"64","author":"Calhoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"9628","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60834-X","article-title":"Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study","volume":"371","author":"Douma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002441","article-title":"Prevalence of primary aldosteronism and association with cardiovascular complications in patients with resistant and refractory hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Parasiliti-Caprino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14063","article-title":"Prevalence of hypokalemia and primary aldosteronism in 5100 patients referred to a tertiary hypertension unit","volume":"75","author":"Burrello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B44"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002250","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation as presenting sign of primary aldosteronism: results of the Prospective Appraisal on the Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive (PAPPHY) Study","volume":"38","author":"Seccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0060","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Murase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz293","article-title":"Determining the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes and hypertension","volume":"105","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","article-title":"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)","volume":"41","author":"Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00139","article-title":"The expanding spectrum of primary aldosteronism: implications for diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"39","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001088","article-title":"Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: uptake by primary care physicians in Europe","volume":"34","author":"Mulatero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4873","article-title":"Testing for primary aldosteronism and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use among U.S. Veterans: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18118","article-title":"Screening rates for primary aldosteronism among individuals with hypertension plus hypokalemia: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"79","author":"Hundemer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2833","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf290","article-title":"A systematic review supporting the endocrine society clinical practice guideline on management of primary aldosteronism","volume":"110","author":"Farah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000931","article-title":"2019 sickle cell disease guidelines by the American Society of Hematology: methodology, challenges, and innovations","volume":"3","author":"Murad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B55","first-page":"281","article-title":"Principles and practice of mass screening for disease","volume":"65","author":"Wilson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bol Oficina Sanit Panam"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033263","article-title":"Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in nonhypertensive persons","volume":"351","author":"Vasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010085","article-title":"A multi-marker approach to predict incident CKD and microalbuminuria","volume":"21","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000258554.87444.91","article-title":"Clinical and genetic correlates of aldosterone-to-renin ratio and relations to blood pressure in a community sample","volume":"49","author":"Newton-Cheh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0882","article-title":"The spectrum of subclinical primary aldosteronism and incident hypertension: a cohort study","volume":"167","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.27","article-title":"High plasma aldosterone and low renin predict blood pressure increase and hypertension in middle-aged Caucasian populations","volume":"22","author":"Meneton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac019","article-title":"Renin, aldosterone, the aldosterone-to-renin ratio, and incident hypertension among normotensive subjects from the general population","volume":"119","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023082","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023082","article-title":"Heightened cardiovascular risk in hypertension associated with renin-independent aldosteronism versus renin-dependent aldosteronism: a collaborative study","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816108","article-title":"Multimarker approach to evaluate correlates of vascular stiffness: the Framingham heart study","volume":"119","author":"Lieb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066389","article-title":"Subclinical primary aldosteronism and cardiovascular health: a population-based cohort study","volume":"149","author":"Hundemer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19134","article-title":"Cardiac structure and function across the spectrum of aldosteronism: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070039","article-title":"Relationship between renin, aldosterone, aldosterone-to-renin ratio and arterial stiffness and left ventricular mass index in young adults","volume":"150","author":"Ananda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0254","article-title":"Outcomes of a specialized clinic on rates of investigation and treatment of primary aldosteronism","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00783","article-title":"Is it time to screen all patients with hypertension for primary aldosteronism?","volume":"209","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0836","article-title":"Long-term mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism after targeted treatments","volume":"186","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1559645","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism in Japan","volume":"47","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14478","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for primary aldosteronism in China","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003513","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients in Australia: a markov modelling analysis","volume":"41","author":"Woode","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061671","article-title":"\u2018I can\u2019t understand why others don\u2019t screen more\u2019: a qualitative study exploring why Australian general practitioners screen for primary aldosteronism","volume":"12","author":"Nainani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21965","article-title":"Diagnostic delay and disease burden in primary aldosteronism: an international patient survey","volume":"81","author":"Ananda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03084-x","article-title":"Performance of the aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism in primary care","volume":"77","author":"Ariens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-023-00891-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for the treatment of low-renin hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21983","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with elevated aldosterone-to-renin ratio but negative confirmatory test: the progression of primary aldosteronism phenotypes","volume":"81","author":"Buffolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.155135","article-title":"Aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone\/renin ratio in a normotensive healthy pediatric population","volume":"56","author":"Martinez-Aguayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001571","article-title":"Aldosterone-to-renin ratio depends on age and sex in children attending a clinic for cardiovascular risk assessment","volume":"36","author":"Genovesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09729-6","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism in pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Forestiero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.155","article-title":"Adrenal disorders in pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Monticone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016209","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16209","article-title":"Use of steroid profiling combined with machine learning for identification and subtype classification in primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104276","article-title":"Machine learning for classification of hypertension subtypes using multi-omics: a multi-centre, retrospective, data-driven study","volume":"84","author":"Reel","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002520","article-title":"Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: a position statement and consensus of the working group on endocrine hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Mulatero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30135-3","article-title":"Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.33","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment","volume":"168","author":"Catena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2805","article-title":"Long-term cardio- and cerebrovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"98","author":"Mulatero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11382","article-title":"Computed tomography and adrenal venous sampling in the diagnosis of unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031337","article-title":"Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents","volume":"89","author":"Mulatero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.30.111","article-title":"Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among unselected hypertensive patients: a prospective study based on the use of an aldosterone\/renin ratio above 25 as a screening test","volume":"30","author":"Fogari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0267732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267732","article-title":"Characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenomas in patients without plasma renin activity suppression","volume":"17","author":"Kubo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470320316657450","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320316657450","article-title":"Aldosterone\/direct renin concentration ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac679","article-title":"Intra-individual variability of serum aldosterone and implications for primary aldosteronism screening","volume":"108","author":"Maciel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001906","article-title":"Diagnostic value of aldosterone to renin ratio calculated by plasma renin activity or plasma renin concentration in primary aldosteronism: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07788-8","article-title":"Geographical inequality in service utilization for primary aldosteronism screening: spatial epidemiological study in southern Thailand","volume":"22","author":"Suntornlohanakul","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"20 Suppl 1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B97","first-page":"3178","article-title":"General practitioner perspectives and experiences when screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients","volume":"20","author":"Nainani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03520-6","article-title":"Screening for primary aldosteronism on and off interfering medications","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00145","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the aldosterone-to-active renin ratio for detecting primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01394","article-title":"Comparison of seated with recumbent saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"103","author":"Stowasser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01041","article-title":"Aldosterone LC-MS\/MS assay-specific threshold values in screening and confirmatory testing for primary aldosteronism","volume":"103","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e477","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz150","article-title":"Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism by seated saline suppression test-variability between immunoassay and HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"105","author":"Thuzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvac049","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac049","article-title":"Recalibrating interpretations of aldosterone assays across the physiologic range: immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurements under multiple controlled conditions","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMimc2401927","article-title":"Targeting a hormonal cause of hypertension","volume":"392","author":"Vaidya","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab924","article-title":"The saline infusion test for primary aldosteronism: implications of immunoassay inaccuracy","volume":"107","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19377","article-title":"Performance of confirmatory tests for diagnosing primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac654","article-title":"Exclusion tests in unilateral primary aldosteronism (ExcluPA) study","volume":"108","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12342","article-title":"High-probability features of primary aldosteronism may obviate the need for confirmatory testing without increasing false-positive diagnoses","volume":"16","author":"Kline","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002510","article-title":"Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the working group on endocrine hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Mulatero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0508","article-title":"Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism 2021","volume":"69","author":"Naruse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R45","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0704","article-title":"MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: the role of confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"180","author":"Morera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10197","article-title":"Confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"71","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1153","article-title":"Seated saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a preliminary study","volume":"99","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106445","article-title":"Urine steroid metabolomics as a diagnostic tool in primary aldosteronism","volume":"237","author":"Prete","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916744","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.916744","article-title":"Treatment of primary aldosteronism and reversal of renin suppression improves left ventricular systolic function","volume":"13","author":"Puar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01442","article-title":"Quality of life in primary aldosteronism: a comparative effectiveness study of adrenalectomy and medical treatment","volume":"103","author":"Velema","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30100-0","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling versus CT scan to determine treatment in primary aldosteronism: an outcome-based randomised diagnostic trial","volume":"4","author":"Dekkers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013699","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013699","article-title":"Influence of different treatment strategies on new-onset atrial fibrillation among patients with primary aldosteronism: a nationwide longitudinal cohort-based study","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)91030-7","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Jeunemaitre","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab144","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab144","article-title":"Tolerability and efficacy of long-term medical therapy in primary aldosteronism","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B121","first-page":"274","article-title":"Cardiovascular changes in patients with primary aldosteronism after surgical or medical treatment","volume":"35","author":"Bernini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283455ca5","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism","volume":"29","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2180","article-title":"Predictors of decreasing glomerular filtration rate and prevalence of chronic kidney disease after treatment of primary aldosteronism: renal outcome of 213 cases","volume":"99","author":"Iwakura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002002","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of screening for primary aldosteronism and subtype diagnosis in the resistant hypertensive patients","volume":"8","author":"Lubitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.09.012","article-title":"The management of aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas\u2014does adrenalectomy increase costs?","volume":"148","author":"Reimel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.088047","article-title":"Community care in England: reducing socioeconomic inequalities in heart failure","volume":"126","author":"Hawkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.2.6.757","article-title":"Can simple clinical measurements detect patient noncompliance?","volume":"2","author":"Haynes","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-11-4","article-title":"Use, tolerability and compliance of spironolactone in the treatment of heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Lachaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2022.2061416","article-title":"Adherence and blood pressure control in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"31","author":"Nikr\u00fdnov\u00e1 Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2023.10.042","article-title":"Adrenalectomy approach and outcomes according to surgeon volume","volume":"229","author":"Ginzberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2803","article-title":"Role of unilateral adrenalectomy in bilateral primary aldosteronism: a 22-year single center experience","volume":"94","author":"Sukor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00253-4","article-title":"Adrenal surgery for bilateral primary aldosteronism: an international retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06780-x","article-title":"Unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal disease can result in resolution of hypokalemia and amelioration of hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Szabo Yamashita","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00007","article-title":"Systematic review: diagnostic procedures to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism","volume":"151","author":"Kempers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4146","article-title":"Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in predicting surgical cure of primary aldosteronism","volume":"99","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002634","article-title":"The role of adrenal venous sampling and computed tomography in the management of primary aldosteronism","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2087","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab047","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling in young patients with primary aldosteronism. Extravagance or irreplaceable?","volume":"106","author":"Gkaniatsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.5011","article-title":"Association of adrenal venous sampling with outcomes in primary aldosteronism for unilateral adenomas","volume":"156","author":"Thiesmeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14725","article-title":"Surgery based on computed tomography images might be feasible for primary aldosteronism patients with visible unilateral adenoma","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2830","article-title":"The adrenal vein sampling international study (AVIS) for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism","volume":"97","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03450.x","article-title":"What are the keys to successful adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism?","volume":"70","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01821-7","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of adrenal vein sampling- vs computed tomography-guided adrenalectomy for unilateral adrenaloma in primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Arjani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168484","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling","volume":"57","author":"Vonend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2024.12.587","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroid premedication on adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism and iodinated contrast media allergy","volume":"36","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02097","article-title":"An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism","volume":"63","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000134495.26900.6A","article-title":"Comparison of sequential versus simultaneous methods of adrenal venous sampling","volume":"15","author":"Carr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.004","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling: substantial need for technical improvement at regional referral centres","volume":"46","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189548","article-title":"Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"59","author":"Monticone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.051","article-title":"Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"136","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B150","first-page":"789","article-title":"Subtyping of primary aldosteronism by adrenal venous sampling","volume":"163","author":"Rossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz017","article-title":"Subtyping of primary aldosteronism in the AVIS-2 study: assessment of selectivity and lateralization","volume":"105","author":"Rossitto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101400","article-title":"Controversies and advances in adrenal venous sampling in the diagnostic workup of primary aldosteronism","volume":"34","author":"Wolley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad089","article-title":"Intraprocedural cortisol measurement increases adrenal vein cannulation success rate in primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16429","article-title":"Intraindividual variability of aldosterone concentrations in primary aldosteronism: implications for case detection","volume":"77","author":"Yozamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001964","article-title":"Impact of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation during adrenal venous sampling on outcomes of primary aldosteronism","volume":"37","author":"Takeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0445-x","article-title":"Cosyntropin stimulation in adrenal vein sampling improves the judgment of successful adrenal vein catheterization and outcome prediction for primary aldosteronism","volume":"43","author":"Yatabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae142","article-title":"Contralateral suppression in adrenal venous sampling predicts clinical and biochemical outcome in primary aldosteronism","volume":"109","author":"Okubo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0254","article-title":"Basal contralateral aldosterone suppression is rare in lateralized primary aldosteronism","volume":"183","author":"Desrochers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01299","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling lateralization despite mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exposure in primary aldosteronism","volume":"104","author":"Nanba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.22721","article-title":"Subtype identification of surgically curable primary aldosteronism during treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor blockade","volume":"81","author":"Pintus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1619","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of adrenal tumors in an unselected screening population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"175","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13582","article-title":"Accuracy of adrenal computed tomography in predicting the unilateral subtype in young patients with hypokalaemia and elevation of aldosterone in primary aldosteronism","volume":"88","author":"Umakoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.901","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography in predicting primary aldosteronism subtype according to age","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa108","article-title":"Drug-resistant hypertension in primary aldosteronism patients undergoing adrenal vein sampling: the AVIS-2-RH study","volume":"29","author":"Rossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0382-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of primary aldosteronism","volume":"16","author":"Zennaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae041","article-title":"Familial hyperaldosteronism: an European reference network on rare endocrine conditions clinical practice guideline","volume":"190","author":"Mulatero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac034","article-title":"Clinical, pathophysiologic, genetic, and therapeutic progress in primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"44","author":"Bertherat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad421","article-title":"The value of targeting CXCR4 with 68 Ga-pentixafor PET\/CT for subtyping primary aldosteronism","volume":"109","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02114-5","article-title":"[(11)C]metomidate PET-CT versus adrenal vein sampling for diagnosing surgically curable primary aldosteronism: a prospective, within-patient trial","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9321","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00539","article-title":"Development of [(18)F]AldoView as the first highly selective aldosterone synthase PET tracer for imaging of primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"64","author":"Sander","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-00761","article-title":"Molecular imaging versus adrenal vein sampling for the detection of surgically curable primary aldosteronism: a prospective within-patient trial","volume":"178","author":"Goodchild","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09975","article-title":"Targeting CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor type 4) for molecular imaging of aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"71","author":"Heinze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2583","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae747","article-title":"Comparison of different diagnostic criteria of 68Ga-pentixafor PET\/CT for the classification of primary aldosteronism","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B174","first-page":"100384","article-title":"(68)Ga-pentixafor PET\/CT in guiding surgical management of primary aldosteronism","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad024","article-title":"Biomarkers to guide medical therapy in primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Hundemer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407107","article-title":"Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"391","author":"Solomon","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.014","article-title":"Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for management of hyperkalemia during spironolactone optimization in patients with heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10208","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32135-X","article-title":"Patiromer versus placebo to enable spironolactone use in patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease (AMBER): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1963","article-title":"Dietary sodium restriction increases the risk of misinterpreting mild cases of primary aldosteronism","volume":"101","author":"Baudrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0433","article-title":"Optimization of left adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism: coping with asymmetrical cortisol secretion","volume":"64","author":"Kishino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3776","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa519","article-title":"Low-grade cortisol cosecretion has limited impact on ACTH-stimulated AVS parameters in primary aldosteronism","volume":"105","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1070","article-title":"Aldosterone- and cortisol-co-secreting adrenal tumors: the lost subtype of primary aldosteronism","volume":"164","author":"Sp\u00e4th","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00114-8","article-title":"The relevance of cortisol co-secretion from aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"18","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834937f3","article-title":"Concurrent primary aldosteronism and subclinical cortisol hypersecretion: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"Fallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645488","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.645488","article-title":"Cortisol co-secretion and clinical usefulness of ACTH stimulation test in primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and biases in epidemiological studies","volume":"12","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00299","article-title":"Impaired glucose metabolism in primary aldosteronism is associated with cortisol cosecretion","volume":"104","author":"Gerards","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920841","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4920841","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of aldosterone- and cortisol-coproducing adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism","volume":"2018","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001550","article-title":"The impact of Connshing's syndrome\u2014mild cortisol excess in primary aldosteronism drives diabetes risk","volume":"35","author":"Beuschlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1157","article-title":"Autonomous cortisol secretion is associated with worse arterial stiffness and vascular fibrosis in primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study with follow-up data","volume":"187","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00617","article-title":"Cortisol excess in patients with primary aldosteronism impacts left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"103","author":"Adolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2743","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of patients with aldosteronism associated with autonomous cortisol secretion","volume":"96","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3033","article-title":"Risk of fracture in primary aldosteronism: a population-based cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1131","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism with mild autonomous cortisol secretion increases renal complication risk","volume":"186","author":"Katabami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12750","article-title":"Does concomitant autonomous adrenal cortisol overproduction have the potential to confound the interpretation of adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism?","volume":"83","author":"Goupil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e720","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad179","article-title":"Prevalence of cortisol cosecretion in patients with primary aldosteronism: role of metanephrine in adrenal vein sampling","volume":"108","author":"Buffolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01601","article-title":"Plasma metanephrine for assessing the selectivity of adrenal venous sampling","volume":"62","author":"Dekkers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01198","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling for assessment of autonomous cortisol secretion","volume":"103","author":"Ueland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B200","first-page":"e230300","article-title":"The value of plasma metanephrine measurements during adrenal vein sampling","volume":"13","author":"Carroll","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4755","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204755","article-title":"Comparison of cortisol, androstenedione and metanephrines to assess selectivity and lateralization of adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"10","author":"Ceolotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1756-4937","article-title":"Application of metanephrine and normetanephrine in evaluating the selectivity of adrenal vein sampling","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842968","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.842968","article-title":"Accurate location of catheter tip with the free-to-total metanephrine ratio during adrenal vein sampling","volume":"13","author":"Christou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0541","article-title":"Influence of cortisol cosecretion on non-ACTH-stimulated adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"187","author":"Heinrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab698","article-title":"Selective glucocorticoid replacement following unilateral adrenalectomy for hypercortisolism and primary aldosteronism","volume":"107","author":"DeLozier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa105","article-title":"Accuracy of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of cushing syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Galm","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.09.007","article-title":"Overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test for screening cushing syndrome and mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS): what happens when serum dexamethasone is below cutoff? How frequent is it?","volume":"29","author":"Farinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Nieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad066","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European network for the study of adrenal tumors","volume":"189","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00730-2","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism - a multidimensional syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Turcu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.4.509","article-title":"Spironolactone versus eplerenone for the treatment of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism","volume":"9","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.129","article-title":"Comparison of eplerenone and spironolactone for the treatment of primary aldosteronism","volume":"39","author":"Karashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071452","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of finerenone in patients with primary aldosteronism: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"151","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.4.489","article-title":"Drug-induced gynecomastia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"93","author":"Trinchieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09832-y","article-title":"Relative efficacy of spironolactone, eplerenone, and cAnRenone in patients with chronic heart failure (RESEARCH): a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Frankenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.04.031","article-title":"Medicare coverage and out-of-pocket costs of quadruple drug therapy for heart failure","volume":"79","author":"Faridi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.01.004","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of aldosterone antagonists for the treatment of post-myocardial infarction heart failure","volume":"15","author":"McKenna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehae666.3622","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.3622","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the Brazilian case with Bayesian networks and Markov influence diagrams","volume":"45","author":"Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E773","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.161486","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: a common cause of resistant hypertension","volume":"189","author":"Kline","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213169","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of baxdrostat for treatment-resistant hypertension","volume":"388","author":"Freeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800055","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.800055","article-title":"Dissecting the effects of aldosterone and hypokalemia on the epithelial Na(+) channel and the NaCl cotransporter","volume":"13","author":"Kristensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11339","article-title":"Epithelial sodium channel in aldosterone-induced endothelium stiffness and aortic dysfunction","volume":"72","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.30","article-title":"Resistant hypertension and target organ damage","volume":"36","author":"Muiesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","article-title":"Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Milliez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa326","article-title":"Role of the vascular endothelial sodium channel activation in the genesis of pathologically increased cardiovascular stiffness","volume":"118","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.690396","article-title":"The spironolactone, amiloride, losartan, and thiazide (SALT) double-blind crossover trial in patients with low-renin hypertension and elevated aldosterone-renin ratio","volume":"116","author":"Hood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13567","article-title":"Long-term BP control and vascular health in patients with hyperaldosteronism treated with low-dose, amiloride-based therapy","volume":"21","author":"Izzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1982.9","article-title":"Amiloride in primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"31","author":"Griffing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.09.019","article-title":"Amiloride lowers blood pressure and attenuates urine plasminogen activation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Oxlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.42","article-title":"Spironolactone and amiloride in hypertensive patients with and without aldosterone excess","volume":"27","author":"Hoefnagels","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230180016005","article-title":"Treatment of low-renin essential hypertension. Comparison of spironolactone and a hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene combination","volume":"227","author":"Douglas","year":"1974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.8","article-title":"Spironolactone and triamterene in volume-dependent essential hypertension","volume":"27","author":"DeCarvalho","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13566","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid antagonists and ENaC inhibitors in hyperaldosteronism","volume":"21","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20406223241239775","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223241239775","article-title":"Comparison of different medical treatments for primary hyperaldosteronism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082911470758800_dgaf284-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000022570.02119.75","article-title":"Amiloride, a specific drug for hypertension in black people with T594M variant?","volume":"40","author":"Baker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf284\/63728292\/dgaf284.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/9\/2453\/63728292\/dgaf284.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/110\/9\/2453\/63728292\/dgaf284.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T15:47:36Z","timestamp":1756482456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/110\/9\/2453\/8196671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf284","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]}}}