{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:12:31Z","timestamp":1775059951660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91716453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91716453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016239","name":"Dutch Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["024.005.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.005.010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The striking link between Cushing syndrome, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and cardiovascular disease suggests that long-term exposure to high glucocorticoid levels catalyzes cardiometabolic deterioration. However, the relation of subtle variations in long-term glucocorticoid levels with MetS remains poorly understood. Specifically, little is known about potential moderating roles of age, sex, and mental health status in this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the association of long-term glucocorticoid levels with MetS using data of 1405 participants (73.4% women) of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Predictors included hair cortisol and cortisone levels. Outcomes were MetS presence, number of MetS components, and individual component (ie, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). We investigated potential interactions with age, sex, and mental health status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hair glucocorticoid levels were positively associated with MetS presence (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.11-1.44, and OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.14-1.52 for hair cortisol and cortisone, respectively), number of MetS components, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels. Hair cortisol, but not cortisone, was in trend associated with diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. No associations were seen with blood glucose. Of note, the relationship of hair cortisone with MetS was stronger among younger compared to older individuals (OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.50-2.54 vs OR = 1.14; 95% CI = .96-1.35 in younger vs older participants).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term biological stress, measured through hair glucocorticoid levels, is associated with MetS presence, especially among younger individuals. Prospective studies need to evaluate the extent to which hair cortisol and cortisone add to standard risk factors when predicting future cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T07:24:01Z","timestamp":1748849041000},"page":"e116-e124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hair Cortisone Levels and the Metabolic Syndrome: Stronger Links in Younger Compared to Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kuckuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Lengton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"M\u00e4rz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"van Gerwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Rizopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manon H J","family":"Hillegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Kavousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sjoerd A A","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik J","family":"Giltay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 ZG Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda W J H","family":"Penninx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , 1081 HV Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00ebtte R","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth F C","family":"van Rossum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Obesity Center CGG, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The 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