{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:24:59Z","timestamp":1785767099499,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"T32 training","award":["T32DK007028\u201347S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DK007028\u201347S1"]}]},{"name":"MGH Claflin Distinguished Scholar Award"},{"name":"MGH Physician-Scientist Development Award","award":["K26DK138346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K26DK138346"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An association between in utero exposure to gestational glucose intolerance (GGI; abnormal glucose screening without gestational diabetes) and offspring obesity has not been consistently observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a retrospective cohort, we studied the risk of obesity [body mass index (BMI) \u2265 95th percentile], in 2- to 5, 6- to 10-, and 11- to 18-year-olds exposed to varying degrees of maternal glycemia in utero: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), GGI [0 abnormal glucose values or 1 abnormal value (GGI-1)] or gestational diabetes (GDM; \u22652 of 4 abnormal values). We used generalized estimating equations for logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for obesity in each glycemic category compared to NGT, adjusting for maternal age, parity, insurance, race\/ethnicity, marital status, infant sex, gestational age, and gestational weight gain. A second model additionally adjusted for maternal first-trimester BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 27 876 children and adolescents from 23 334 (83.7%) NGT pregnancies, 3413 (12.2%) GGI pregnancies, and 1129 (4.1%) GDM pregnancies. The prevalence of obesity was 13.5% at age 2 to 5, 20.3% at age 6 to 10, and 23.4% at age 11 to 18. Those exposed to GGI-1 and GDM had increased odds of obesity compared to NGT. Adjusting for maternal BMI attenuated this association in all age and glycemic exposure groups, but it remained significantly elevated in 6- to 10-year-olds exposed to GDM [odds ratio (OR): 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.46] and 11- to 18-year-olds exposed to GGI-1 and GDM (GGI-1 OR: 1.44 (95% CI 1.14, 1.81); GDM OR: 1.28 (95% CI 1.03, 1.59)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older children and adolescents exposed to GGI-1 and GDM in utero have a higher risk of obesity than those born to NGT pregnancies, even after accounting for maternal BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T07:52:05Z","timestamp":1749801125000},"page":"45-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gestational Glucose Intolerance and Risk of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9836-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Maya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics, Gynechology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin C M","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strain Development, LuaBio ApS , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Boston, MA 02142 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics, Gynechology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0613-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanayott","family":"Thaweethai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics, Gynechology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-France","family":"Hivert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics, Gynechology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7060-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille E","family":"Powe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics, Gynechology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Boston, MA 02142 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121807420045100_dgaf345-B1","volume-title":"Prevalence of Obesity among Youth Aged 2\u201319 Years, by Sex and Age: United States, 2015\u20132016. 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