{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:49:37Z","timestamp":1776494977856,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HL169803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HL169803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) levels have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but studies of the impact of BCAAs on CVD risk factors have mainly been cross-sectional.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the longitudinal association between changes in BCAA levels and CVD risk factors in a lifestyle trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from 708 male and female participants, aged 25 to 78, of the US PREMIER study. Data and biospecimens were from the NHLBI BioLINCC Repository. Participants received lifestyle advice or comprehensive counseling on diet, physical activity, and weight loss. Biomarkers were measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline and the 6-month follow-up. Linear regression models assessed changes in BCAA levels in relation to changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. We adjusted for multiple testing by using false discovery rate-adjusted Q values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increases in BCAA levels over 6 months (per 1 SD) were associated with increases in insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance: \u03b2 = 0.22, SE = 0.07), inflammation (glycoprotein acetylation: \u03b2 = 0.03\u2005mmol\/L, SE = 0.004), apolipoprotein B (\u03b2 = 0.02\u2005g\/L, SE = 0.006), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u03b2 = 0.03\u2005mmol\/L, SE = 0.007) over the same period (all Q-values &amp;lt;0.01). Associations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides differed for valine vs leucine and isoleucine. No significant associations were observed with fasting glucose or blood pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing levels of BCAAs were associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, and unfavorable lipid profiles, indicating their potential as targets for CVD prevention. Further research is warranted to elucidate how individual BCAAs influence lipid metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1757763811000},"page":"e737-e745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Lifestyle Trial"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Mahya Mehri","family":"Hajmir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Sayoldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rahnavard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew D","family":"Barberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob M","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117549 ,","place":["Republic of Singapore"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001256","article-title":"Forecasting the burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050\u2014prevalence of risk factors and disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Joynt Maddox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10 (Suppl. 2)","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0272","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"45","author":"Saunders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00547-y","article-title":"Sit less and move more for cardiovascular health: emerging insights and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Dunstan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/182886","article-title":"Trends of ischemic heart disease mortality attributable to smoking in the five countries with the highest number of smokers during 1990-2019: an age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B6","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"Kenneth","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B7","first-page":"733","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and prevention: a perspective from developing countries","volume":"37","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.482570","article-title":"Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations","volume":"113","author":"Vasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4611-5","article-title":"Plasma branched chain\/aromatic amino acids, enriched Mediterranean diet and risk of type 2 diabetes: case-cohort study within the PREDIMED trial","volume":"61","author":"Ruiz-Canela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.02.005","article-title":"Baseline metabolomic profiles predict cardiovascular events in patients at risk for coronary artery disease","volume":"163","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.109.852814","article-title":"Association of a peripheral blood metabolic profile with coronary artery disease and risk of subsequent cardiovascular events","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101198","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids, aging and age-related health","volume":"64","author":"Le Couteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103307","article-title":"The association between branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged Caucasian women stratified according to glycemic status","volume":"13","author":"Kubacka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.102722","article-title":"Intake of branched-chain amino acids is associated with higher plasma BCAA concentrations: an analysis of data from the PREMIER study","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114455","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids","volume":"81","author":"Neinast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00041.2015","article-title":"Linking gut microbiota and inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Saad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00760-3","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"McGarrah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070405","article-title":"The emerging role of branched-chain amino acids in insulin resistance and metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00984-2","article-title":"Identification of a leucine-mediated threshold effect governing macrophage mTOR signalling and cardiovascular risk","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907348","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.907348","article-title":"Modulation of mTOR signaling in cardiovascular disease to target acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Kaldirim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001187","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin attenuates deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension and related pathophysiology: regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular hypertrophy in male rats","volume":"79","author":"Temiz-Resitoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112164","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids promote occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease dependent on triglyceride metabolism via activation of the mTOR\/SREBP-1\/betatrophin pathway","volume":"584","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.121.003330","article-title":"Association of plasma branched-chain amino acid with biomarkers of inflammation and lipid metabolism in women","volume":"14","author":"Hamaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2016.23","article-title":"Associations of anthropometric markers with serum metabolites using a targeted metabolomics approach: results of the EPIC-Potsdam study","volume":"6","author":"Bachlechner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108747","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids predict incident diabetes in the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health-ELSA-Brasil","volume":"174","author":"de Almeida-Pititto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.09.002","article-title":"Association between dyslipidemia and plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in the Japanese population without diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Fukushima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0291-7","article-title":"The positive association of branched-chain amino acids and metabolic dyslipidemia in Chinese Han population","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.225","article-title":"Association between plasma essential amino acids and atherogenic lipid profile in a Chinese population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"286","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.06.039","article-title":"Associations of serum amino acids with insulin resistance among people with and without overweight or obesity: a prospective study in Japan","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B30","first-page":"8173905","article-title":"Relationship between branched-chain amino acids, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk profile in a Chinese population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2016","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099598","article-title":"Association of branched-chain amino acids with carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery disease risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00006-1","article-title":"Premier: a clinical trial of comprehensive lifestyle modification for blood pressure control: rationale, design and baseline characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Svetkey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B33","first-page":"2083","article-title":"Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial","volume":"289","author":"Appel","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint national committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002014","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002014","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.146874","article-title":"Assessment of insulin sensitivity\/resistance","volume":"19","author":"Gutch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05001-w","article-title":"Circulating metabolites and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study of 11,896 young adults from four Finnish cohorts","volume":"62","author":"Ahola-Olli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm.2020.03.03","article-title":"Glyca: a new biomarker for systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment","volume":"5","author":"Ballout","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Lab Precis Med"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajmir MM, Sayoldin B, Rahnavard A, Barberio MD, van Dam RM. Supplementary material for \u201cPlasma Branched-Chain Amino Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Lifestyle Trial\u201d. Figshare. 2025. 10.6084\/m9.figshare.29606192.v1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf509"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24540","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24540","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with altered amino acid metabolism and adipose tissue dysfunction in normoglycemic women","volume":"6","author":"Wiklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12323","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and plasma amino acid profile in non-diabetic Japanese subjects","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3517-8","article-title":"Diabetes risk and amino acid profiles: cross-sectional and prospective analyses of ethnicity, amino acids and diabetes in a South Asian and European cohort from the SABRE (southall and brent REvisited) study","volume":"58","author":"Tillin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067827","article-title":"Metabolite profiling identifies pathways associated with metabolic risk in humans","volume":"125","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2356-5","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid levels are associated with improvement in insulin resistance with weight loss","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0895","article-title":"Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are predictors of insulin resistance in young adults","volume":"36","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120513","article-title":"Plasma branched-chain amino acids and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: results from the PREVEND prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Flores-Guerrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz192","article-title":"Branched chain amino acids, cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes in older men: the concord health and ageing in men project","volume":"75","author":"Le Couteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol: Ser A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1637-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with a metabolic profile of altered protein metabolism in Chinese and Asian-Indian men","volume":"53","author":"Tai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015234","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profiles reflective of glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic obese African-American women","volume":"5","author":"Fiehn","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.232918","article-title":"Glyca: a composite nuclear magnetic resonance biomarker of systemic inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Otvos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305635","article-title":"Novel protein glycan side-chain biomarker and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Akinkuolie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"9165","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01046-6","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (atherosclerosis risk in communities study): a cohort study","volume":"353","author":"Schmidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02584.x","article-title":"An association between type 2 diabetes and \u03b11-antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0093","article-title":"Ferritin and transferrin are both predictive of the onset of hyperglycemia in men and women over 3 years: the data from an epidemiological study on the insulin resistance syndrome (DESIR) study","volume":"29","author":"Fumeron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab538","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and relationship with inflammation in youth with obesity: a randomized controlled intervention study","volume":"106","author":"Cosentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.02.005","article-title":"Amino acid levels in nascent metabolic syndrome: a contributor to the pro-inflammatory burden","volume":"32","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.027","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and circulating metabolites: a twin study approach","volume":"65","author":"Bogl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"51","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88882","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21489","article-title":"Association of circulating branched-chain amino acids with cardiometabolic traits differs between adults and the oldest-old","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-013-0044-7","article-title":"Increased amino acids levels and the risk of developing of hypertriglyceridemia in a 7-year follow-up","volume":"37","author":"Mook-Kanamori","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11918","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11918","article-title":"Plasma free amino acid profiles predict four-year risk of developing diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and hypertension in Japanese population","volume":"5","author":"Yamakado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029552","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029552","article-title":"Lipoprotein characteristics and incident coronary heart disease: prospective cohort of nearly 90 000 individuals in UK biobank","volume":"12(20)","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019140","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019140","article-title":"Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the most atherogenic lipoprotein parameter in the prospective Framingham offspring study","volume":"10(5)","author":"Ikezaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023136","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023136","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of estimated lipoprotein (a) cholesterol and lipoprotein (a)-free low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B64","first-page":"282","article-title":"Methods of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measurement: analytical and clinical applications","volume":"33","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.017","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth control and disease","volume":"149","author":"Laplante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.026","article-title":"Regulation of the mTOR complex 1 pathway by nutrients, growth factors, and stress","volume":"40","author":"Sengupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009","article-title":"High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation","volume":"104","author":"Zhenyukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B68","first-page":"3085756","article-title":"Oxidative stress and advanced lipoxidation and glycation end products (ALEs and AGEs) in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"2019(1)","author":"Moldogazieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e328352dd03","article-title":"Connecting mTORC1 signaling to SREBP-1 activation","volume":"23","author":"Bakan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0409-3","article-title":"mTORC1 signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215593","article-title":"SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver","volume":"109","author":"Horton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2015.09.013","article-title":"Metabolic switch during adipogenesis: from branched chain amino acid catabolism to lipid synthesis","volume":"589","author":"Halama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"46","key":"2026021918522208200_dgaf509-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)61932-0","article-title":"Transfection of the ketogenic mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase cDNA into mev-1 cells corrects their auxotrophy for mevalonate","volume":"269","author":"Ortiz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf509\/64284763\/dgaf509.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/3\/e737\/64284763\/dgaf509.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/3\/e737\/64284763\/dgaf509.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:52:42Z","timestamp":1771545162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/111\/3\/e737\/8255723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}}}