{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:22:51Z","timestamp":1792081371133,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has created tremendous opportunities to improve thyroid cancer care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Acquisition<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the \u201cartificial intelligence thyroid cancer\u201d query to search the PubMed database until May 31, 2025. We highlight a set of high-impact publications selected based on technical innovation, large generalizable training datasets, and independent and\/or prospective validation of AI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review the key applications of AI for diagnosing and managing thyroid cancer. Our primary focus is on using computer vision to evaluate thyroid nodules on thyroid ultrasound, an area of thyroid AI that has gained the most attention from researchers and will likely have a significant clinical impact. We also highlight AI for detecting and predicting thyroid cancer neck lymph node metastases, digital cyto- and histopathology, large language models for unstructured data analysis, patient education, and other clinical applications. We discuss how thyroid AI technology has evolved and cite the most impactful research studies. Finally, we balance our excitement about the potential of AI to improve clinical care for thyroid cancer with current limitations, such as the lack of high-quality, independent prospective validation of AI in clinical trials, the uncertain added value of AI software, unknown performance on non-papillary thyroid cancer types, and the complexity of clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI promises to improve thyroid cancer diagnosis, reduce health care costs and enable personalized management. High-quality, independent prospective validation of AI in clinical trials is lacking and is necessary for the clinical community's broad adoption of this technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T12:25:25Z","timestamp":1758716725000},"page":"316-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Applications in Thyroid Cancer Care"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8574-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Pozdeyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha L","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin C","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan R","family":"Haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz , Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Mercy Hospital , Springfield, MO 65807 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026012101522440300_dgaf530-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0560","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for evaluation of thyroid nodules: a primer","volume":"33","author":"Tessler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012101522440300_dgaf530-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.09.019","article-title":"Epidemiology of thyroid nodules","volume":"22","author":"Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin 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