{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:32:54Z","timestamp":1787236374956,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Klinefelter syndrome and Kallmann syndrome are 2 rare genetic disorders characterized by reduced testosterone (T) levels but differing in their gonadotrophin profiles. To date, no studies have directly compared body composition in these 2 syndromes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work aimed to assess the prevalence of altered body composition parameters in patients with Klinefelter and Kallmann syndromes and to compare body composition between the 2 groups. Secondary objectives included evaluating associations between body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center, retrospective observational study included 50 patients, 29 with Klinefelter and 21 with Kallmann syndrome receiving T replacement therapy. Body composition was evaluated using whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which provided measurements of appendicular lean mass (ALM), total body fat (TBF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), the ALM-to-height\u00b2 ratio (appendicular lean mass index, ALMI), and the ALM-to-weight ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiologic sarcopenic obesity was identified in 7 patients (14%; 6\/29 Klinefelter, 1\/21 Kallmann), while osteosarcopenic obesity was found in 2 patients (4%), both with Klinefelter syndrome. Patients with Kallmann syndrome had significantly higher ALMI values than those with Klinefelter syndrome (8.37 \u00b1 1.15 vs 7.28 \u00b1 1.20\u2005kg\/m\u00b2; P &amp;lt; .001). Univariable analysis revealed an inverse association between FSH levels and ALMI (B = \u22120.026; P = .002), which remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounders (B = \u22120.030; P = .0022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated a significant difference in lean mass between Klinefelter and Kallmann syndromes, supporting a potential role for FSH in modulating muscle mass independently of T levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:09:32Z","timestamp":1760011772000},"page":"e1097-e1106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Body Composition by DXA in Patients with Klinefelter and Kallmann Syndrome: The Kama Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Caterina","family":"Buoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SSD Endocrinologia, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Delbarba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SSD Endocrinologia, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Artifoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SSD Endocrinologia, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SSD Endocrinologia, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SD of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia , Brescia 25121 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ferlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova , Padua 35100 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, SSD Endocrinologia, University of 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