{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:18:43Z","timestamp":1792178323821,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"eprObes project","award":["GA 101080219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 101080219"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"EU through the Horizon Europe Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Context<\/jats:title>\n Early menarche within the general population has previously been linked to increased risk of mental health disorders, and such associations are likely to be even stronger in children diagnosed with extremely early puberty (precocious puberty); however, information is sparse.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Investigate the association between precocious puberty and psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A large cohort study included individuals in the National Danish Patient Registry with a diagnosis of precocious puberty from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2020 (n = 9315, 11% boys), comprising patients registered with an ICD-10 diagnosis of central precocious puberty (n = 2955), unspecific premature puberty (n = 3948), premature thelarche (n = 937), and premature adrenarche (n = 1475). All cases were matched with 5 randomly selected referents from the background population (n = 46 566) according to age, sex, and calendar time (at diagnosis). Incident psychiatric disorders were identified in national health registries (average follow-up time of 7.9 years).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Precocious puberty (all cases) was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.36-1.84), anxiety (HR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.48-1.74), autism (HR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.67-2.25), depression (HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.29-1.53), eating disorders (HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.47), and schizophrenia (HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.40-2.10) compared to matched referents. Similar results were observed when stratified by sex, but with greatest effect size among boys. The associations were even stronger among individuals with central precocious puberty.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our large register-based cohort study highlights a markedly increased risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals with precocious puberty.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:21:21Z","timestamp":1760361681000},"page":"e1088-e1096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Precocious Puberty and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: A Nationwide Cohort Study Using Prospective Registry Data"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine Koch","family":"Hueg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , 1353 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine Agergaard","family":"Holmboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Micali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College , London WC1N 1EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Center for Eating and Feeding Disorders Research, Mental Health Center Ballerup, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Mental Health Services CPH , 2750 Ballerup ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. 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