{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:58:09Z","timestamp":1776855489566,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mercury (Hg) exposure has been linked to gestational diabetes mellitus, but findings are inconclusive. Fish, the main source of nonoccupational Hg exposure, is also rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which may offer metabolic benefits. The joint impact of Hg and n-3 PUFAs on maternal glucose metabolism remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between prepregnancy Hg exposure and glucose metabolism during pregnancy and evaluate whether serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modify this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 430 women from the Environment and Reproductive Health Study with prepregnancy hair Hg and mid- to late-pregnancy glucose levels. Of these, 182 had prepregnancy serum EPA and DHA. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations of log-transformed Hg with glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Stratified analyses were performed by EPA + DHA levels and prepregnancy body mass inde (BMI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher Hg was associated with elevated glucose (per SD: \u03b2 = 0.09, 95% confidence interval: 0.002-0.19) and 2.05-fold increased odds of IGT (Q4 vs Q1). Similar associations were observed among women with lower circulating EPA + DHA, and stronger associations were seen among those with prepregnancy BMI \u226525\u2005kg\/m2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher prepregnancy Hg exposure was associated with increased IGT odds, potentially modified by BMI and n-3 PUFA status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:49:33Z","timestamp":1761655773000},"page":"e1427-e1434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hair Mercury Levels, Serum n-3 Fatty Acids, and Pregnancy Glucose Outcomes Among Women From a Fertility Center"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2895-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxiu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8784-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xilin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Genetics and Development, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Zhejiang 310006 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige L","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3589-5169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamarra","family":"James-Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yazeed","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roe P","family":"Keshet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Rexrode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge E","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"M\u00ednguez-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.05.006","article-title":"Mercury exposure induces cytoskeleton disruption and loss of renal function through epigenetic modulation of MMP9 expression","volume":"386","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.06.026","article-title":"Blood total mercury and fish consumption in the Korean general population in KNHANES III, 2005","volume":"408","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0600705","article-title":"Methylmercury induces pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs252","article-title":"Does methylmercury-induced hypercholesterolemia play a causal role in its neurotoxicity and cardiovascular disease?","volume":"130","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124412","article-title":"Multiple metal concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus in Taiyuan, China","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106770","article-title":"Associations between endocrine-disrupting heavy metals in maternal hair and gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study in China","volume":"157","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113231","article-title":"Association between whole blood metallic elements concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus in Japanese women: the Japan environment and Children's study","volume":"212","author":"Tatsuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.038","article-title":"Is mercury exposure causing diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance? A systematic review of the literature","volume":"156","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.05.016","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and metals in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: the MIREC study","volume":"83","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0004-0","article-title":"A nested case-control study indicating heavy metal residues in meconium associate with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus risk","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106690","article-title":"Early pregnancy essential and non-essential metal mixtures and gestational glucose concentrations in the 2nd trimester: results from project viva","volume":"155","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.016","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and offspring birth size at elevated environmental pollutant exposures","volume":"107","author":"Valvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126845","article-title":"Associations of total blood mercury and blood methylmercury concentrations with diabetes in adults: an exposure-response analysis of 2005-2018 NHANES","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1504","article-title":"Serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study","volume":"37","author":"Virtanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.08.010","article-title":"Enhanced renoprotective actions of Paricalcitol and omega-3 fatty acids co-therapy against diabetic nephropathy in rat","volume":"38","author":"El-Boshy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.10.014","article-title":"Hair mercury (Hg) levels, fish consumption and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center","volume":"221","author":"Minguez-Alarcon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoy001","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoy001","article-title":"The Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study: a prospective preconception cohort","volume":"2018","author":"Messerlian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.07.012","article-title":"Dietary folate intake and modification of the association of urinary bisphenol A concentrations with in vitro fertilization outcomes among women from a fertility clinic","volume":"65","author":"Minguez-Alarcon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2026042119570667800_dgaf594-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang X . 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