{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:35:45Z","timestamp":1776436545427,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08CA248972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08CA248972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) are highly prevalent, and current treatment options are primarily invasive. There is a need for effective, noninvasive alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate the efficacy of repurposed pharmacologic agents in reducing the size of BTNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and Scopus were searched from inception to December 18, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included preclinical and clinical studies evaluating repurposed drugs for BTNs in adults. Of 1499 records screened, 20 studies met inclusion criteria: 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 6 prospective cohorts, 3 retrospective observational studies, 3 case reports, 1 cross-sectional study, and 1 preclinical study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were extracted independently in duplicate using a standardized form.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative synthesis was conducted due to heterogeneity. Metformin was the most frequently evaluated agent (7 studies), with 5 studies (including 2 RCTs) reporting statistically significant reductions in dominant nodule volume. One prospective study demonstrated a reduction in the maximum nodule diameter, which was not statistically significant, and 1 RCT showed no changes in nodule size after intervention. Statins (4 studies) and somatostatin analogues (4 studies) showed mixed results. Myo-inositol with selenium, herbal formulations, and immune checkpoint inhibitors showed promise in single studies or case reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metformin shows the most consistent potential for noninvasive reduction of BTN size, particularly in patients with metabolic comorbidities. However, current evidence is limited and heterogeneous. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm efficacy and guide clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:57:55Z","timestamp":1762865875000},"page":"e327-e338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drug Repurposing for Reducing the Size of Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Soto Jacome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and AI Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Norwalk Hospital , Norwalk, CT 06856 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Arce-Camposano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Guayaquil , Guayaquil 090615 ,","place":["Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1910-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Toro-Tobon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and AI Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misk","family":"Al Zahidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and AI Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Rivadeneira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Quito 170521 ,","place":["Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco E","family":"Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito 170901 ,","place":["Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and AI Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital , Plymouth PL6 8DH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naykky","family":"Singh Ospina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan P","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and AI Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55902 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-69-3-537","article-title":"The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15-year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy","volume":"69","author":"Vander","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00009","article-title":"Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging","volume":"126","author":"Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-15-10-1270","article-title":"Gross and microscopic findings in clinically normal thyroid glands","volume":"15","author":"Mortensen","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1415786","article-title":"CLINICAL PRACTICE. Thyroid nodules","volume":"373","author":"Burman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0281","article-title":"General principles for the safe performance, training, and adoption of ablation techniques for benign thyroid nodules: an American thyroid association statement","volume":"33","author":"Sinclair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab917","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of thyroid nodules: the role of ablative therapies","volume":"107","author":"Stan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0202","article-title":"Five-year results of radiofrequency and Laser ablation of benign thyroid nodules: a multicenter study from the Italian minimally invasive treatments of the thyroid group","volume":"30","author":"Bernardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13422","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for the management of thyroid nodules: a critical appraisal of the literature","volume":"87","author":"Cesareo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0671","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatments of benign thyroid nodules: a network meta-analysis of short-term outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Chorti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011762","article-title":"Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Castro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758043","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.758043","article-title":"Levothyroxine treatment and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias\u2014focus on the patient submitted to thyroid surgery","volume":"12","author":"Gluvic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230067","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0067","article-title":"2023 European thyroid association clinical practice guidelines for thyroid nodule management","volume":"12","author":"Durante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-5-199803010-00008","article-title":"Thyroxine suppressive therapy in patients with nodular thyroid disease","volume":"128","author":"Gharib","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B15","first-page":"CD004098","article-title":"Levothyroxine or minimally invasive therapies for benign thyroid nodules","volume":"2014","author":"Bandeira-Echtler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2019-0307","article-title":"An overview of drug discovery and development","volume":"12","author":"Berdigaliyev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1166","article-title":"Estimated research and development investment needed to bring a new medicine to market, 2009\u20132018","volume":"323","author":"Wouters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111602","article-title":"Exploring the new horizons of drug repurposing: a vital tool for turning hard work into smart work","volume":"182","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2030","article-title":"Sildenafil: from angina to erectile dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Ghofrani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B20","first-page":"814","article-title":"Thalidomide and analogues: potential for immunomodulation of inflammatory and neoplastic dermatologic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Ladizinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto Jacome C, Arce-Camposano A, Toro-Tobon D, et al \u00a0Search Strategy for \u201cDrug Repurposing for Reducing the Size of Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review\u201d. Figshare. Online resource. 2025. 10.6084\/m9.figshare.30736109.v1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf616"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B22","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Effect of metformin on thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid volume in patients with prediabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Karimifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2010.0026","article-title":"Metformin treatment for small benign thyroid nodules in patients with insulin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Rezz\u00f3nico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B24","first-page":"317","article-title":"The effect of metformin treatment in obese insulin-resistant patients with euthyroid goiter","volume":"73","author":"R\u0103c\u0103t\u0103ianu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14101987","article-title":"Effects of slow-acting metformin treatment on the hormonal and morphological thyroid profile in patients with insulin resistance","volume":"14","author":"Condorelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000442821","article-title":"Metformin decreases thyroid volume and nodule size in subjects with insulin resistance: a preliminary study","volume":"25","author":"Anil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00465","article-title":"Effects of metformin on TSH levels and benign nodular goiter volume in patients without insulin resistance or iodine insufficiency","volume":"10","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303307313240315162000","article-title":"Effects of metformin therapy on thyroid volume and functions in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single-center prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Olgun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000486748","article-title":"Do statins affect thyroid volume and nodule size in patients with hyperlipidemia in a region with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency? A prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Demir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1708-106","article-title":"Thyroid volumes and serum VEGF levels in dyslipidemic patients: effects of statin treatment","volume":"49","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02982.x","article-title":"Reduced thyroid volume and nodularity in dyslipidaemic patients on statin treatment","volume":"68","author":"Cappelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1283123","article-title":"Influence of long-term statin use in type 2 diabetic patients on thyroid nodularity in iodine-sufficient area","volume":"119","author":"Chon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0502","article-title":"The effect of disease activity on thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly","volume":"66","author":"Kan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.1680985.x","article-title":"The thyroid gland in acromegaly: an ultrasonographic study","volume":"46","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00131","article-title":"Breakdown of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule accompanied by acromegaly after octreotide treatment","volume":"10","author":"Nomoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.44.305","article-title":"Octreotide and bromocriptine suppress thyroid hormone levels and thyroid nodule in an acromegalic patient with nontoxic autonomous goiter","volume":"44","author":"Sakane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B37","first-page":"2153","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid nodule characteristics in subclinical hypothyroid patients under a myo-inositol plus selenium treatment","volume":"22","author":"Nordio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2020.275","article-title":"EXENATIDE TREATMENT REDUCES THYROID GLAND VOLUME, BUT HAS NO EFFECT ON THE SIZE OF THYROID NODULES","volume":"16","author":"K\u00f6seo\u011flu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B39","first-page":"2332","article-title":"Treatment for benign thyroid nodules with a combination of natural extracts","volume":"20","author":"Stancioiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483686","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1483686","article-title":"Jiajiejian gel ameliorates thyroid nodules through regulation of thyroid hormones and suppression of the (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2)\/JAK2\/STAT3\/VEGF pathway","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvad114.1839","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad114.1839","article-title":"FRI493 immune checkpoint inhibitors: effects on thyroid nodular disease","volume":"7","author":"Maria Bignoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0356","article-title":"Reduction of thyroid nodule volume by levothyroxine and iodine alone and in combination: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Grussendorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00494","article-title":"Efficacy of metformin for benign thyroid nodules in subjects with insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0707","article-title":"Role of metformin in the treatment of patients with thyroid nodules and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051313","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of statins by modulating Nrf2 and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling in different diseases","volume":"11","author":"Mansouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1081500","article-title":"Statins decrease the aberrant HLA-DR expression on thyrocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0079-8","article-title":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors inhibit rat propylthiouracil-induced goiter by modulating the ras-MAPK pathway","volume":"84","author":"Laezza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051682","article-title":"Somatostatin analogs in clinical practice: a review","volume":"21","author":"Gomes-Porras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012101520743800_dgaf616-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.36924","article-title":"Thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly","volume":"10","author":"D\u0105browska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf616\/65278262\/dgaf616.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/2\/e327\/65278262\/dgaf616.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/2\/e327\/65278262\/dgaf616.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:52:20Z","timestamp":1768978340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/111\/2\/e327\/8321988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf616","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}