{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:16:25Z","timestamp":1790709385219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex is a risk factor for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), potentially due to reproductive influences. However, data on the association between parity and DTC risk remain inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between parity and DTC risk in a high-multiparity population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based case-control study (1982-2022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single tertiary medical center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 300 female patients with DTC and 900 controls, matched by birth year and ethnicity. The primary exposure was the number of deliveries before DTC diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Association between parity and DTC risk evaluated by logistic regression, adjusted for socioeconomic status, TSH levels, oral contraceptive use, and autoimmune thyroid diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age at DTC diagnosis was 39 years; 60% of participants were Jewish and 40% were Arab. Baseline characteristics were comparable, except for higher rates of autoimmune thyroid diseases in cases: Hashimoto thyroiditis (9.7% vs 1.8%, P &amp;lt; .001) and Graves\u2019 disease (6.3% vs 2.7%, P = .005). Parity was associated with increased DTC risk starting at 4 deliveries (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.051-2.741, P = .030), with the highest risk at 6 or more (odds ratio = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.052-3.393; P = .033). This association was largely driven by Arab women, who had significantly higher grand multiparity rates (62.6% vs 13.4%; median 5 vs 3 deliveries; P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High parity, primarily among Arab women, was associated with increased DTC risk, with significance observed at 4 or more deliveries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:32:04Z","timestamp":1763987524000},"page":"e1281-e1288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parity as a Risk Factor for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Population-based Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Rotem","family":"Dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Goldman Medical School at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 84105 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nave","family":"Paran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center , 84101 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuphar","family":"Vinegrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 84105 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , 84101 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merav","family":"Fraenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 84105 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , 84101 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Yoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , 84105 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , 84101 Beer Sheva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00414-9","article-title":"Understanding the ever-changing incidence of thyroid cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kitahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00035-3","article-title":"The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020","volume":"10","author":"Pizzato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30324-9","article-title":"Screening for differentiated thyroid cancer in selected populations","volume":"8","author":"Lamartina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1083","article-title":"Thyrotropin and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0259","article-title":"Prepregnancy body mass Index and risk of differentiated thyroid cancer: a prospective cohort study of more than 440,000 Danish women","volume":"33","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B6","author":"Cancer of the Thyroid\u2014Cancer Stat Facts"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042119582774400_dgaf642-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13750","article-title":"Are pregnancy, parity, menstruation and breastfeeding risk factors for thyroid cancer? 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