{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:59:06Z","timestamp":1781373546876,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC1052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC1052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014756","name":"Hexal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NovoNordisk"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008484","name":"Biomarin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Diabetes Association"},{"name":"University Leipzig"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Being born small for gestational age (SGA) and growth hormone (GH) treatment are linked to disturbed glucose-insulin metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated how GH treatment affects glucose-insulin metabolism in children born SGA compared to children with isolated growth hormone deficiency (iGHD), obesity and lean controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed glucose-insulin metabolism indices derived from oral glucose tolerance tests (Matsuda index, AUC insulin) and fasting parameters (fasting glucose, HOMA-IR) in 134 SGA patients without catch-up growth (CUG) receiving GH therapy (SGA-GHT), 27 untreated SGA patients with catch-up growth (SGA-CUG), 308 iGHD patients under GH treatment, 427 children with obesity, and 356 lean controls. We adjusted for sex, age, and BMI through matching and multivariable regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment-na\u00efve SGA-GHT patients were more insulin-resistant than iGHD patients (higher insulin AUC [P = .002] and HOMA-IR [P &amp;lt; .001], lower Matsuda index [P &amp;lt; .001]) with levels approaching those of the obesity cohort. Under GH therapy, HbA1c was higher in SGA-GHT and iGHD patients (5.26% \u00b1 0.35 vs 5.25% \u00b1 0.25) than in lean controls (5.09% \u00b1 0.27). Insulin resistance in SGA-GHT patients approached levels seen in obesity. Prediabetes prevalence was highest in SGA-GHT children (11.11%) compared to those with iGHD (1.59%) or obesity (3.13%). After stopping GH therapy, SGA-GHT patients retained elevated markers of prediabetes (4.65%) and insulin resistance compared to controls and iGHD patients, similar to children with obesity (6.38%). No overt type 2 diabetes was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SGA patients have an impaired glucose-insulin metabolism similar to that of children with obesity, which worsens under GH therapy. Close metabolic monitoring of GH-treated SGA patients is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:40:47Z","timestamp":1770295247000},"page":"1727-1738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Children born SGA receiving growth hormone have similarly impaired glucose-insulin metabolism as children with obesity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Lea","family":"Prengemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, 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,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Beger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE\u2013Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKG) , Partner Site Leipzig\/Dresden, 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Stoltze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKG) , Partner Site Leipzig\/Dresden, 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"LIFE\u2013Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Pf\u00e4ffle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents , 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKG) , Partner Site Leipzig\/Dresden, 04103 Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric 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