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Placental DNA methylation was measured using an Illumina array and tested for associations with AUCgluc, AUCHbA1c, and AUCinsl for all women and stratified by fetal sex. Correlations of the differentially methylated sites with neonatal anthropometry and placenta weight were also tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four sex-specific methylation associations were identified at FDR-adjusted P &amp;lt; .05. In women with male offspring, higher AUCgluc was associated with decreased methylation at cg23951198 (CBLN3 and KHNYN) and increased methylation at cg15608939 (NTN1), and higher AUCinsl was associated with decreased methylation at cg26529437 (ITGB8). In women with female offspring, higher AUCHbA1c associated with decreased methylation at cg05471842 (AMICA1). Higher methylation at the AUCgluc-associated cg15608939 in males and lower methylation at the AUCHbA1c-associated cg05471842 in females were correlated with increased birth weight, and lower methylation at the AUCgluc-associated cg23951198 in males was correlated with increased placental weight. Genes mapped to top CpGs were enriched for metabolic, immune, and inflammatory pathways and are linked to cardiometabolic diseases and traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased glycemic marker exposure was associated with placental DNA methylation near genes enriched for inflammatory and cardiometabolic pathways. Placenta-mediated epigenetic mechanisms may link maternal glycemic dysregulation and offspring disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T12:46:15Z","timestamp":1767789975000},"page":"1564-1574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of prenatal glycemic marker cumulative exposure with placental DNA methylation change"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfa D","family":"Habtewold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892 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