{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:20:49Z","timestamp":1783002049374,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oncocytic thyroid cancer (OTC), previously termed H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma, is a rare but distinct thyroid malignancy. Although OTC arises from follicular epithelial cells and historically was classified as a subtype of follicular thyroid carcinoma, emerging molecular and clinical evidence demonstrates that OTC is distinct, leading to its reclassification by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 into a separate clinical entity. OTC is characterized by a unique molecular landscape, including mitochondrial DNA mutations, increased somatic variant burden and widespread chromosomal loss of heterozygosity. Clinically, OTC presents with a spectrum of clinical behavior, with the most aggressive subtypes displaying high levels of vascular invasion and metastatic spread, mainly distant disease at the time of diagnosis. Diagnostic tools such as fine-needle aspiration can fail to reliably distinguish benign oncocytic lesions from malignant disease, complicating early evaluation and surgical decision-making, while the introduction of molecular testing has increased the accuracy of preoperative diagnostics. Poor radioiodine avidity further limits traditional postoperative management, leaving many patients with RAI-refractory disease few effective systemic treatment options. Emerging therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTOR pathway inhibitors, offer potential benefits but remain supported by limited evidence. As understanding of OTC continues to evolve, improving diagnostic accuracy, refining individualized treatment strategies, and expanding clinical trial data remain essential to optimizing outcomes for this distinct and often difficult to treat thyroid cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:38:18Z","timestamp":1769258298000},"page":"1159-1168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Approach to the patient: Oncocytic thyroid cancer"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3634-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma A","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , NewYork, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Ganly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , NewYork, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09707-3","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"Baloch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.06.013","article-title":"Widespread chromosomal losses and mitochondrial DNA alterations as genetic drivers in H\u00fcrthle Cell Carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Gopal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.07.002","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis of h\u00fcrthle cell cancer reveals oncogenic drivers, recurrent mitochondrial mutations, and unique chromosomal landscapes","volume":"34","author":"Ganly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac448","article-title":"Radioactive iodine therapy does not improve cancer-specific survival in H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0424","article-title":"Follicular and Hurthle Cell Carcinoma: comparison of clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Matsuura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11176","article-title":"Prognostic factors in patients with H\u00fcrthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid","volume":"97","author":"Lopez-Penabad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R131","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0354","article-title":"The biology and the genetics of H\u00fcrthle cell tumors of the thyroid","volume":"19","author":"M\u00e1ximo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21825","article-title":"Prognostic factors of recurrence in encapsulated Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 50 cases","volume":"106","author":"Ghossein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(96)00310-8","article-title":"Patterns of nodal and distant metastasis based on histologic varieties in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid","volume":"172","author":"Shaha","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/107327489700400101","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma: total thyroidectomy with central neck lymph node dissection is the therapy of choice for patients with H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Grossman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.3.237","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell tumors: using molecular techniques to define a novel classification system","volume":"128","author":"Belchetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.06.007","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid: retrospective review of 62 patients treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 1946 and 2003","volume":"35","author":"Mills","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01876-7","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Coca-Pelaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B14","first-page":"197","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma: a 60-year experience","volume":"9","author":"Stojadinovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904986","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.904986","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma: single center analysis and considerations for surgical management based on the recent literature","volume":"13","author":"Chiapponi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-3-501","article-title":"Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables*","volume":"67","author":"Ruegemer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-009-9102-2","article-title":"Oncocytes, oxyphils, h\u00fcrthle, and askanazy cells: morphological and molecular features of oncocytic thyroid nodules","volume":"21","author":"Mete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2004.05.017","article-title":"The meaning and predictivity of H\u00fcrthle cells in fine needle aspiration cytology for thyroid nodular disease","volume":"30","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00907-6","article-title":"Molecular classification of follicular thyroid carcinoma based on TERT promoter mutations","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B20","first-page":"3947","article-title":"Expression of PAX8-PPAR\u03b31 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas","volume":"87","author":"Marques","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021907","article-title":"RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR\u03b3 rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Nikiforova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.050","article-title":"Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"159","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B23","first-page":"1454","article-title":"High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET\/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Kimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22754","article-title":"Clinicopathologic significance of BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid: a meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703056104","article-title":"Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors","volume":"104","author":"Gasparre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0171","article-title":"Defective oxidative phosphorylation in thyroid oncocytic carcinoma is associated with pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting complexes I and III","volume":"66","author":"Bonora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.325","article-title":"Mitochondrial activities of a cell line derived from thyroid h\u00fcrthle cell tumors","volume":"16","author":"Stankov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691979","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.691979","article-title":"Inherited thyroid tumors with oncocytic change","volume":"12","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7894","article-title":"Defective mitochondrial ATP synthesis in oxyphilic thyroid tumors","volume":"86","author":"Savagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn9699","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn9699","article-title":"Mitonuclear genotype remodels the metabolic and microenvironmental landscape of H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ganly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-21-0224","article-title":"Targeting the mTOR pathway in hurthle cell carcinoma results in potent antitumor activity","volume":"21","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256251363120","article-title":"2025 American Thyroid Association Management guidelines for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"35","author":"Ringel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.21264","article-title":"Ultrasonographic characteristics of H\u00fcrthle cell neoplasms: prediction of malignancy","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20684","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell neoplasm: correlation of gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings with gross pathology","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B35","first-page":"300","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of thyroid ultrasound in H\u00fcrthle cell carcinomas","volume":"63","author":"Santana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B36","first-page":"1039","article-title":"The 2023 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid\u00ae"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22375","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell lesions of the thyroid: progress made and challenges remaining","volume":"129","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000441939","article-title":"Cytotechnologist performance for screening h\u00fcrthle cell atypia in indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspirates","volume":"59","author":"VandenBussche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203208","article-title":"Preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology","volume":"367","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21455","article-title":"Implications of a suspicious afirma test result in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology: an institutional experience","volume":"122","author":"Lastra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.1153","article-title":"Performance of a genomic sequencing classifier for the preoperative diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules","volume":"153","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.05.046","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of molecular testing in indeterminate (Bethesda III and IV) thyroid nodules with H\u00fcrthle cell cytology","volume":"175","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4616","article-title":"Performance of a multigene genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: a prospective blinded multicenter study","volume":"5","author":"Steward","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-16-0512","article-title":"Evaluation of ThyroSeq v2 performance in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology","volume":"24","author":"Valderrabano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soi.2024.100010","article-title":"H\u00fcrthle cell (oncocytic) carcinoma\u2014is hemithyroidectomy enough?","volume":"1","author":"Julsrud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3370-x","article-title":"Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience","volume":"17","author":"Oluic","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27770","article-title":"Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 3311 patients","volume":"119","author":"Goffredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.07.007","article-title":"Prognostic factors and survival analysis of Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-based study","volume":"172","author":"Humphreys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-013-1057-6","article-title":"German Association of Endocrine Surgeons practice guideline for the surgical management of malignant thyroid tumors","volume":"398","author":"Dralle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27700","article-title":"Oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid: conclusions from a 20-year patient cohort","volume":"46","author":"Gruszczynski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27758","article-title":"Radioactive iodine therapy improves overall survival outcome in oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid by reducing death risks from noncancer causes: a competing risk analysis of 4641 patients","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06915-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population based study","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7458","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7458","article-title":"Effect of adjuvant radioactive iodine therapy on survival in rare oxyphilic subtype of thyroid cancer (H\u00fcrthle cell carcinoma)","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B55","first-page":"3228","article-title":"Expression of the Na+\/I\u2212 symporter gene in human thyroid tumors: a comparison study with other thyroid-specific genes","volume":"84","author":"Lazar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030586","article-title":"Correlation between the loss of thyroglobulin iodination and the expression of thyroid-specific proteins involved in iodine metabolism in thyroid carcinomas","volume":"88","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24357","article-title":"External-beam radiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer locoregional control: a statement of the American Head and Neck Society","volume":"38","author":"Kiess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34493","article-title":"Cabozantinib for previously treated radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: updated results from the phase 3 COSMIC-311 trial","volume":"128","author":"Brose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00332-6","article-title":"Cabozantinib for radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (COSMIC-311): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Brose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406470","article-title":"Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer","volume":"372","author":"Schlumberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9940","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60421-9","article-title":"Sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory, locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"384","author":"Brose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B62","first-page":"698","article-title":"Everolimus in patients with advanced follicular-derived thyroid cancer; results of a phase II clinical trial","volume":"102","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2297","article-title":"Genomic correlates of response to everolimus in aggressive radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer: a phase II study","volume":"24","author":"Hanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30861","article-title":"Phase 2 study evaluating the combination of sorafenib and temsirolimus in the treatment of radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer","volume":"123","author":"Sherman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"15_suppl","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6076","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.6076","article-title":"Randomized phase II study of sorafenib with or without everolimus in patients with radioactive iodine refractory H\u00fcrthle cell thyroid cancer (HCC) (Alliance A091302\/ITOG 1706)","volume":"39","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"15_suppl","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.6513","article-title":"A phase II study of nivolumab (N) plus ipilimumab (I) in radioidine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR DTC) with exploratory cohorts in anaplastic (ATC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)","volume":"38","author":"Lorch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70314-5","article-title":"Imaging in thyroid cancer","volume":"25","author":"Galloway","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-024-00791-8","article-title":"Role of [18F]FDG PET\/CT in the management of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Zajkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031619575980800_dgag025-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502753522392","article-title":"Implication of 2-18 fluor-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the follow-up of H\u00fcrthle Cell Thyroid Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Plotkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag025\/66607819\/dgag025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/4\/1159\/66607819\/dgag025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/111\/4\/1159\/66607819\/dgag025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:58:35Z","timestamp":1773705515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/111\/4\/1159\/8443041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}}}