{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T21:32:30Z","timestamp":1793568750777,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01ES022848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01ES022848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31ES037232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31ES037232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD100775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD100775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD087166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD087166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Office of the Director","award":["OD023272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD023272"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"US EPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women are ubiquitously exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Anogenital distance (AGD) is a hormone-dependent marker of reproductive system development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated associations of maternal EDCs with infant AGD at birth and mini-puberty (5 months), and AGD growth across infancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women enrolled in I-KIDS (Illinois Kids Development Study)\u2014an observational longitudinal study (2013\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were recruited from two OBGyn clinics in Champaign-Urbana, IL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or other participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study includes 563 mother\/infant pairs at birth and 5-months of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s)\/exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured 10 phthalates\/replacements and nine phenols in five pooled first-morning urine samples collected across pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In newborns and 5-month-olds, we divided short and long AGD measures by body length (termed anogenital index, AGI) and calculated %AGI growth across infancy. We evaluated covariate-adjusted associations of phthalates\/replacements or phenols separately (quantile g-computation) or combined (hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression), with AGI measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations of phthalates\/replacements with newborn AGI in females and phenols in males were inconsistent. However, in 5-month-old females, each quartile increase in the phthalate\/replacement mixture was associated with \u22124.13 mm\/m shorter AGIShort (95% confidence interval (CI): \u22127.22, \u22121.05), \u22123.89 mm\/m shorter AGILong (95%CI: \u22127.55, \u22120.23), \u221239.49% less AGIShort growth (95%CI: \u221262.44, \u221216.54), and \u22128.78% less AGILong growth (95%CI: \u221216.06, \u22121.51); associations with AGILong growth were strongest at lower mixture quantiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AGD in mini-puberty and growth across infancy may reflect EDC-mediated hormonal disruption in utero, particularly in females, supporting the need to investigate these markers as predictors of long-term reproductive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  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