{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:26:11Z","timestamp":1793157971178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetes is highly heterogeneous, rendering traditional type 1 and type 2 classifications insufficient for optimizing treatment strategy. This mini-review examines data-driven clustering\u2014categorizing adult-onset diabetes into 5 subtypes: SAID (severe autoimmune), SIDD (severe insulin-deficient), SIRD (severe insulin-resistant), MOD (mild obesity-related), and MARD (mild age-related)\u2014within the context of East Asian populations. East Asians exhibit a distinct \u201cAsian phenotype\u201d characterized by impaired insulin secretion and visceral fat accumulation at lower body mass index levels. Meta-analyses reveal a significantly higher proportion of the SIDD subtype in East Asians compared to Caucasians, driven by ancestry-specific genetic variants affecting \u03b2-cell function and tissue-specific gene expression. Furthermore, complication risks differ between regions; while the SIRD cluster remains the primary risk for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and nephropathy across populations, East Asian SIDD patients face significantly higher risks of chronic kidney disease and sarcopenia than their Caucasian counterparts. These findings emphasize that while clustering provides a robust framework for risk stratification, clinical application in East Asians requires modifications accounting for unique body compositions and pathophysiology. Integrating subtype-guided strategies\u2014such as early intensive insulin therapy for SIDD and multifaceted insulin sensitivity improvement for SIRD\u2014represents a critical step toward personalized medicine to eradicate diabetes complications in East Asians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:30:07Z","timestamp":1786707007000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Data-driven diabetes clustering in East Asians: pathological heterogeneity and personalized medicine"],"prefix":"10.1210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michio","family":"Shimabukuro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine , Fukushima 960-1295 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and General Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine , Fukushima 960-1295 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3485-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiriko","family":"Watanabe-Shimoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine , Fukushima 960-1295 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayato","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine , Fukushima 960-1295 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and General Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine , Fukushima 960-1295 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9955-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eiryo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Applied Mathematical Science, RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences, RIKEN , Yokohama 230-0045 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Predictive Medicine Special Project (PMSP), RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN , Yokohama 230-0045 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 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