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Age at menopause was treated as a time-to-event outcome using accelerated failure time models to estimate the time ratios (TRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women in the highest exposure quartile experienced natural menopause approximately 1 year earlier than those in the lowest quartile, with TRs (95% CIs) of 0.983 (0.971-0.995; P for trend = .04) for NO2 and 0.983 (0.971-0.996; P for trend = .004) for O3, whereas PM2.5 was not significantly associated with ANM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The approximately 1-year earlier ANM among women exposed to the highest quartile of NO2 and O3 is comparable to the 0.8-year earlier menopause observed in current smokers relative to never smokers. These findings support the hypothesis that higher exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with an earlier onset of natural menopause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T12:49:07Z","timestamp":1786798147000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between exposure to air pollution and age at natural menopause: the Study of Women's Health across the nation"],"prefix":"10.1210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heeseon","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sioban D","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), Public Health Sciences and Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5T 3M6 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Ebisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency , Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangmei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency , Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen B","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A","family":"Derby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY 10461 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard M","family":"Kravitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL 60612 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail A","family":"Greendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. 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