{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:51:12Z","timestamp":1790286672625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01ES022844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01ES022844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20ES018171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20ES018171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health\/Ministry of Health of Mexico","award":["P30DK020572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK020572"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several cross-sectional studies have assessed the association of lead exposure with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults; however, studies of such associations in childhood are rare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed the prospective associations of prenatal exposure to lead with type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants is a birth cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Public hospitals in Mexico City.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women were recruited during pregnancy; their offspring were recruited for a follow-up visit at age 10 to 18 years (n = 369).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured fasting serum markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in children, including fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids. The index of insulin resistance was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The geometric mean of maternal blood lead levels (BLLs) during pregnancy was 4.3 \u00b5g\/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]): 4.0-4.6 \u00b5g\/dL) in the entire sample. In boys, those with maternal BLLs \u2265 5 \u00b5g\/dL (compared with those with BLLs &amp;lt; 5 \u00b5g\/dL) had significantly lower z scores for total cholesterol (\u03b2 = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.12), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u03b2 = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.59, -0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u03b2 = -0.52, 95% CI: -0.81, -0.22), adjusting for covariates. No associations were detected in girls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In our study, we found that higher prenatal exposure to lead was associated with lower levels of cholesterol in children following a sex-specific pattern. Further studies with a larger sample size that examine whether sex is a potential modifier are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T09:18:54Z","timestamp":1571044734000},"page":"210-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prenatal Lead Exposure, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Children at Age 10\u201318 Years"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne S","family":"Ettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, 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National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, 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