{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:57:32Z","timestamp":1787954252942,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis displays a diurnal rhythm. However, little is known about its development in early life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To describe HPA-axis activity and study possible influencing factors in 1-month-old infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observational.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center (VUMC), and Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifty-five mother-infant pairs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Collection of breast milk and infants\u2019 saliva 1 month postpartum for analysis of glucocorticoids (GCs; ie, cortisol and cortisone) using liquid chromatography\u2013 tandem mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GC rhythm in infants\u2019 saliva and associations with vulnerability for maternal psychological distress (increased Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] score) or consultation at the Psychiatric Obstetric Pediatric (POP clinic), season at sampling, sex, and breast milk GC rhythmicity analyzed with SigmaPlot 14.0 software (Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA) and regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A significant biphasic GC rhythm was detected in infants, with mean peaks [standard error of the mean, SEM] at 6:53 am [1:01] and 18:36 pm [1:49] for cortisol, and at 8:50 am [1:11] and 19:57 pm [1:13] for cortisone. HADS score, POP consultation, season at sampling, and sex were not associated with the infants\u2019 GC rhythm. Breast milk cortisol maximum was positively associated with infants\u2019 cortisol area-under-the-curve (AUC) increase and maximum. Higher breast milk cortisone AUC increase, AUC ground, and maximum were associated with an earlier maximum in infants. Breast milk and infant GC concentrations were associated between 6:00 am and 9:00 am.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A biphasic GC rhythm, peaking in the morning and evening, was seen in 1-month-old infants at a group level. Breast milk GC parameters might be associated with the infants\u2019 GC rhythm, possibly caused by a signaling effect of breast milk GCs, or as an associative effect of increased mother-infant synchrony. These results contribute to an increased understanding of early life HPA-axis development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T05:07:25Z","timestamp":1571980045000},"page":"e544-e554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biphasic Glucocorticoid Rhythm in One-Month-Old Infants: Reflection of a Developing HPA-Axis?"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonneke J","family":"Hollanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibian","family":"van der Voorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric 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R","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan","family":"Honig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Obstetrics and Pediatrics (POP) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":", Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Rotteveel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koert M","family":"Dolman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Obstetrics and 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