{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:30:09Z","timestamp":1792801809510,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HD30880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD30880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK056350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK056350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24-HD050924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24-HD050924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HD38700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD38700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qtc5416","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation ScienceFund research","award":["06-01-02-SF0314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06-01-02-SF0314"]}]},{"name":"Nestle Products (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.","award":["UKM-NN-002-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKM-NN-002-2007"]}]},{"name":"European Economic Area","award":["E015\/P01\/2007\/01\/85-PL 0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E015\/P01\/2007\/01\/85-PL 0080"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","award":["NR13000206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR13000206"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pwfyy15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No universal waist circumference (WC) percentile cutoffs used have been proposed for screening central obesity in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop international WC percentile cutoffs for children and adolescents with normal weight based on data from 8 countries in different global regions and to examine the relation with cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used pooled data on WC in 113,453 children and adolescents (males 50.2%) aged 4 to 20 years from 8 countries in different regions (Bulgaria, China, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Poland, Seychelles, and Switzerland). We calculated WC percentile cutoffs in samples including or excluding children with obesity, overweight, or underweight. WC percentiles were generated using the general additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). We also estimated the predictive power of the WC 90th percentile cutoffs to predict cardiovascular risk using receiver operator characteristics curve analysis based on data from 3 countries that had available data (China, Iran, and Korea). We also examined which WC percentiles linked with WC cutoffs for central obesity in adults (at age of 18 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WC measured based on recommendation by the World Health Organization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We validated the performance of the age- and sex-specific 90th percentile WC cutoffs calculated in children and adolescents (6-18 years of age) with normal weight (excluding youth with obesity, overweight, or underweight) by linking the percentile with cardiovascular risk (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.69 for boys; 0.63 for girls). In addition, WC percentile among normal weight children linked relatively well with established WC cutoffs for central obesity in adults (eg, AUC in US adolescents: 0.71 for boys; 0.68 for girls).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The international WC cutoffs developed in this study could be useful to screen central obesity in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years and allow direct comparison of WC distributions between populations and over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T03:39:19Z","timestamp":1573702759000},"page":"e1569-e1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["International Waist Circumference Percentile Cutoffs for Central Obesity in Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 18 Years"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2019nan","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Kelishadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Mi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bee Koon","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Programme and Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn M","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesotas School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya V","family":"Galcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Herter-Aeberli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Nawarycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Krzywi\u0144ska-Wiewiorowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Chair of Social Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Khadilkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"Neuhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 12101 Berlin, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Schienkiewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Ku\u0142aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Soon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Stawi\u0144ska-Witoszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Chair of Social Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Esmaeil","family":"Motlagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd Talib","family":"Ruzita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Programme and Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta M","family":"Iotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Grajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Noor","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Leisure Management, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Krzy\u017caniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Hygiene, Chair of Social Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Heshmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velin","family":"Stratev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"R\u00f3\u017cd\u017cy\u0144ska-\u015awi\u0105tkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropometry, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gelayol","family":"Ardalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"\u015awi\u0105der-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropometry, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Ostrowska-Nawarycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoto","family":"Yotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of cardiology, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Ekbote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costan G","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Bovet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Services, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 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