{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T02:54:18Z","timestamp":1783565658288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]],"date-time":"2019-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1-MH087619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH087619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH108690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH108690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005562","name":"North Carolina Biotechnology Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2013-IDG-1023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2013-IDG-1023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The arterial effects of hormone therapy remain controversial. This study tested the effects of transdermal estradiol plus intermittent micronized progesterone (TE\u2005+\u2005IMP) in healthy perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women on several mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of arterial disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Healthy perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, ages 45 to 60 years, were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Women were randomized to receive TE (0.1 mg\/day)\u2005+\u2005IMP (200 mg\/day for 12 days) or identical placebo patches and pills for 12 months. Outcomes included: change in stress reactivity composite z-score (combining inflammatory, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to a standardized psychological laboratory stressor); flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (an index of vascular endothelial function); baroreflex sensitivity; and metabolic risk (presence of the metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance), all assessed at baseline and at months 6 and 12.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 172 women enrolled, those assigned to TE\u2005+\u2005IMP tended to have higher resting baroreflex sensitivity than those assigned to placebo across the 6- and 12-month visits. Although treatment groups did not differ in terms of the other prespecified outcomes, a significant treatment-by-age interaction was found for FMD and stress reactivity such that an age-related decrease in FMD and increase in stress reactivity were seen among women assigned to placebo but not those assigned to TE\u2005+\u2005IMP. Women on TE\u2005+\u2005IMP also had lower resting diastolic blood pressure, lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher baroreflex sensitivity during stress testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TE\u2005+\u2005IMP tended to improve cardiac autonomic control and prevented age-related changes in stress reactivity and endothelial function among healthy perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]],"date-time":"2019-12-15T14:37:20Z","timestamp":1576420640000},"page":"e2050-e2060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Effect of Perimenopausal Transdermal Estradiol and Micronized Progesterone on Markers of Risk for Arterial Disease"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Rubinow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan L","family":"Hinderliter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa C","family":"Caughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan S","family":"Girdler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0001","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132006 update: a report from the American Heart Association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.10.018","article-title":"Steroid requirements for regulation of the alpha4 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor in an in vitro model","volume":"411","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00197-3","article-title":"Population-based study of age at menopause and ultrasound assessed carotid atherosclerosis: the Troms\u00f8 Study","volume":"53","author":"Joakimsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.1\/ammoeller","article-title":"Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression","volume":"9","author":"M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198704303161801","article-title":"Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women","volume":"316","author":"Colditz","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M177","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.3.M177","article-title":"Age-associated changes in blood pressure in a longitudinal study of healthy men and women","volume":"52","author":"Pearson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122104154308200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-4-287","article-title":"Hypertension in women: what is really known? 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