{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:22:57Z","timestamp":1790702577940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to estrogens during the neonatal period interrupts rat prostatic development by reducing branching morphogenesis and by blocking epithelial cells from entering a normal differentiation pathway. Upon aging, ventral prostates exhibit extensive hyperplasia, dysplasia, and massive lymphocytic infiltrate, suggesting that neonatal estrogens may predispose the prostate gland to precancerous lesions. Vitamin A (retinol) and their derivatives (retinoic acids) are known key developmental regulators that bind and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARs). To evaluate whether neonatal estrogenization alters the sensitivity of the developing rat prostate to retinoids, RAR\u03b1, -\u03b2, and -\u03b3 cellular localization and protein levels were analyzed over the course of development and into adulthood by immunocytochemistry and Western analysis, whereas mRNA levels were measured using RT-PCR. In addition, intraprostatic retinol and retinoic acid levels were quantitated on d 10 and 90 using HPLC-mass spectroscopy. Male rats were given 25 \u03bcg estradiol benzoate or oil on d 1, 3, and 5 of life, and prostatic complexes were removed on d 6, 10, 15, 30, and 90. The RARs localized to distinct cell populations: RAR\u03b2 was expressed within basal epithelial cells, RAR\u03b1 was localized to differentiated luminal epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and RAR\u03b3 was expressed within periductal stromal cells. Over the normal course of development, total protein and mRNA levels for the RARs declined, so that the adult prostate possessed the lowest amounts of RAR. Exposure to estrogens during the neonatal period resulted in an immediate and sustained increase in RAR\u03b1 levels and in the number of cells that expressed RAR\u03b2, whereas RAR\u03b3 levels were unaffected. Western analysis confirmed that total prostatic RAR protein levels were significantly increased, whereas RT-PCR demonstrated that RAR\u03b1 and RAR\u03b2 mRNA levels were markedly elevated in response to estrogenic exposure. The total prostatic retinol content was tripled by estrogenic exposure on d 10 and 90, indicating that the ability to retain retinoids within the prostate was permanently increased. Intraprostatic levels of 9-cis- and all-trans-retinoic acid levels were reduced on d 10, whereas 13-cis-retinoic acid levels were increased in response to estrogens. In the adult prostates of rats exposed neonatally to estrogen, total retinoic acid levels were doubled due to significant increases in both 9-cis- and 13-cis-retinoic acids compared with those in control prostates. In summary, levels of specific RARs and their activating ligands are increased in the prostate gland after neonatal estrogenic exposure, and this effect is permanent throughout the life of the animal. Thus, we hypothesize that alterations in morphogenesis as well as dysplasia in the adult prostate may be mediated in part through augmentation of transcriptional signals in the retinoid pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,29]],"date-time":"2002-08-29T03:21:30Z","timestamp":1030591290000},"page":"3628-3640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Retinoic Acid Receptors and Retinoids Are Up-Regulated in the Developing and Adult Rat Prostate by Neonatal Estrogen Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Gail S.","family":"Prins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine (G.S.P., W.Y.C.), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine (G.S.P., W.Y.C.), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy (Y.W., R.B.v.B.), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"van Breemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy (Y.W., R.B.v.B.), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071618582832900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070300404","article-title":"Effects of hormones on the prostate in adult and aging men and animals.","volume":"30","author":"Sinowatz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Human prostate cancer: a direct role for oestrogens.","volume":"191","author":"Castagnetta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(20001001)45:2<87::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Estrogens and prostatic disease.","volume":"45","author":"Griffiths","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.5.5106","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure up-regulates estrogen receptor expression in the developing and adult rat prostate lobes.","volume":"138","author":"Prins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.3.5827","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b2 messenger ribonucleic acid ontogeny in the prostate of normal and neonatally estrogenized rats.","volume":"139","author":"Prins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.1.5809","article-title":"Rat estrogen receptor-\u03b1 and -\u03b2, and progesterone receptor mRNA expression in various prostatic lobes and microdissected normal and dysplastic epithelial tissues of the Noble rats.","volume":"139","author":"Lau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-1-166","article-title":"Estrogen receptors in human prostate: evidence for multiple binding sites.","volume":"57","author":"Ekman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61676-8","article-title":"Comparative studies of the estrogen receptors \u03b2 and \u03b1 and the androgen receptor in normal human prostate gland, dysplasia, and in primary and metastatic carcinoma.","volume":"1","author":"Leav","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R9","first-page":"494","article-title":"Metaplasia of the epithelium of the prostatic glands, utricle and urethra of the fetus and newborn infant.","volume":"29","author":"Brody","year":"1940","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R10","first-page":"5","article-title":"The fetal and neonatal prostate","volume-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the prostate","author":"Zondek","year":"1975"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R11","first-page":"537","article-title":"Effects of prenatal maternal estrogen on the male urogenial system.","volume":"56","author":"Driscoll","year":"1980","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R12","first-page":"186","article-title":"Sex steroid imprinting of the immature prostate.","volume":"16","author":"Rajfer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990180204","article-title":"Regional differences in the prostate of the neonatally estrogenized mouse.","volume":"18","author":"Pylkkanen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.6.1597166","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression.","volume":"130","author":"Prins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.5.1496","article-title":"Neonatal low- and high-dose exposure to estradiol benzoate in the male rat. I. Effects on the prostate gland.","volume":"65","author":"Putz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1071\/RD00107","article-title":"Influence of neonatal estrogens on rat prostate development.","volume":"13","author":"Prins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36458-3","article-title":"Prostatic dysplasia associated with increased expression of C-MYC in neonatally estrogenized mice.","volume":"149","author":"Pylkkanen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.6.8504743","article-title":"Effects of neonatal estrogen exposure on prostatic secretory genes and their correlation with androgen receptor expression in the separate prostate lobes of the adult rat.","volume":"132","author":"Prins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R19","first-page":"247","article-title":"Developmental estrogenization of the prostate gland","volume-title":"Prostate: basic and clinical aspects, chapt 10","author":"Prins","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.1.6401","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen stimulates proliferation of periductal fibroblasts and alters the extracellular matrix composition in the rat prostate.","volume":"140","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Epithelial metaplasia in the prostate and other genital structures of male mammals.","volume":"12","author":"Bern","year":"1963","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990240204","article-title":"Developmental estrogenization and prostatic neoplasia.","volume":"24","author":"Santti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R23","first-page":"6089","article-title":"Estrogen imprinting of the developing prostate gland in mediated through stromal estrogen receptor \u03b1: studies with \u03b1ERKO and \u03b2ERKO mice.","volume":"61","author":"Prins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.3.7867585","article-title":"The developmental pattern of androgen receptor expression in rat prostate lobes is altered after neonatal exposure to estrogen.","volume":"136","author":"Prins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R25","first-page":"97","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure induces progesterone receptor expression in the developing prostate gland.","volume":"163","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R26","first-page":"3034","article-title":"Role of retinoids in differentiation and carcinogenesis.","volume":"43","author":"Sporn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111.1.45","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins. II. Their differential pattern of transcription during early morphogenesis in mouse embryos.","volume":"111","author":"Ruberte","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254733","article-title":"Retinoids and cancer.","volume":"3","author":"Bollag","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer Chem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R29","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A and its analogs (retinoids) on normal and neoplastic cells.","volume":"605","author":"Lotan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/330444a0","article-title":"A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors.","volume":"330","author":"Petkovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/330624a0","article-title":"Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid.","volume":"330","author":"Giguere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/345224a0","article-title":"Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway.","volume":"345","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/355359a0","article-title":"9-Cis retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXR\u03b1.","volume":"355","author":"Levin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.9.8801176","article-title":"A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors.","volume":"10","author":"Chambon","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02889865","volume":"45","author":"McDowell","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Cell Pathol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02889866","volume":"45","author":"McDowell","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Cell Pathol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.14.1661245","article-title":"Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia.","volume":"5","author":"De Luca","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219850","article-title":"Prevention by vitamin A of the occurrence of permanent vaginal changes in neonatally estrogen-treated mice.","volume":"179","author":"Yasui","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100459","article-title":"Prevention of neonatal estrogen imprinting by vitamin A as indicated by estrogen receptor expression in the mouse vagina.","volume":"306","author":"Masui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod37.4.1023","article-title":"Actions and interactions of estradiol and retinoic acid in mouse anterior prostate gland.","volume":"17","author":"Mariotti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64366-0","article-title":"Inhibition of prostate ductal morphogenesis by retinoic acid.","volume":"158","author":"Seo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970515)31:3<161::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Effect of retinoic acid on prostatic development.","volume":"31","author":"Aboseif","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90246-M","article-title":"Function of retinoic acid receptor \u03b3 in the mouse.","volume":"73","author":"Lohnes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.4.1133","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins I. A systematic study of their differential pattern of transcription during mouse organogenesis.","volume":"110","author":"Dolle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.2.4945","article-title":"Androgen modulation of the messenger ribonucleic acid of retinoic acid receptors in the prostate, seminal vesicles, and kidney in the rat.","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-3187","article-title":"Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult rat prostate.","volume":"129","author":"Prins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.189","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis retinoic acid and retinal in rat prostate using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mass Spectr"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65590-3","article-title":"Cellular distribution of retinoic acid receptor-\u03b1 protein in serous adenocarcinomas of ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal origin.","volume":"153","author":"Katsetos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8651","article-title":"Elevated retinoic acid receptor \u03b24 protein in human breast tumor cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic localization.","volume":"96","author":"Sommer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.9.8801182","article-title":"Retinoic acid biosynthesis and metabolism.","volume":"10","author":"Napoli","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R51","first-page":"2186","article-title":"Abnormal level of retinoic acid in prostate cancer tissues.","volume":"81","author":"Pasquali","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R52","first-page":"5940","article-title":"Estradiol induction of retinoic acid receptors in human breast cancer cells.","volume":"53","author":"Roman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1996.0228","article-title":"Estrogen induces retinoid receptor expression in mouse cervical epithelia.","volume":"226","author":"Celli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R54","first-page":"882","article-title":"Estrogen-induced retinoci acid receptor \u03b11 gene expression: role of estrogen receptor-Sp1 complex.","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.1184","article-title":"Quantitative axial profiles of retinoic acid in the embryonic mouse spinal cord: 9-Cis retinoic acid only detected after all-trans-retinoic acid levels are super-elevated experimentally.","volume":"222","author":"Ulven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970215)30:3<174::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Response of cell growth and retinoic acid receptor expression to retinoic acid in neoplastic and non-neoplastic prostate cell lines.","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R57","first-page":"5947","article-title":"Retinoid metabolism in the prostate: effects of administration of the synthetic retinoid N-(4hydroxyphenyl) retinamide.","volume":"59","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.1.116","article-title":"Differential expression of nuclear retinoid receptors in normal and malignant prostates.","volume":"18","author":"Lotan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R59","first-page":"3413","article-title":"Development and characterization of nontumorigenic and tumorigenic epithelial cell lines from rat dorsal-lateral prostate.","volume":"54","author":"Danielpour","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.4.5063","article-title":"1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 9-cis-retinoic acid act synergistically to inhibit the growth of LNCaP prostate cells and cause accumulation of cells in G1.","volume":"138","author":"Blutt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R61","first-page":"521","article-title":"Chemoprevention of rat prostate carcinogenesis by 9-cis-retinoic acid.","volume":"59","author":"McCormick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990230107","article-title":"Vitamin A regulates proliferation and differentiation of human prostatic epithelial cells.","volume":"23","author":"Peehl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.3.8119154","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 on androgen-induced development of neonatal mouse seminal vesicles in vitro.","volume":"134","author":"Tanji","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.9.8801179","article-title":"Retinoids and hox genes.","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8589","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog participates in craniofacial morphogenesis and is down-regulated by teratogenic doses of retinoic acid.","volume":"187","author":"Helms","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.63.1.471","article-title":"Molecular regulation of lung development.","volume":"63","author":"Cardoso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1<74::AID-DVG8>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid on skeletal pattern, 5\u2032HoxD gene expression, and RAR\u03b22\/\u03b24 promoter activity in embryonic mouse limbs.","volume":"18","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Gen"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.4.2167","article-title":"Retinoic acid-responsive enhancers located 3\u2032 of the Hox A and Hox B homeobox gene clusters.","volume":"272","author":"Langston","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8627","article-title":"Retinoic acid changes the proximodistal development competence and affinity of distal cells in the developing chick limb bud.","volume":"188","author":"Tamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.14.3057","article-title":"Regulation of retinoic acid signaling during lung morphogenesis.","volume":"127","author":"Malpel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.12.5.7742011","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces changes in the pattern of airway branching and alter epithelial cell differentiation in the developing lung in vitro.","volume":"12","author":"Cardoso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199609)207:1<47::AID-AJA6>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Retinoic acid alters the expression of pattern-related genes in the developing rat lung.","volume":"207","author":"Cardoso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R73","first-page":"457","article-title":"Stage-dependent responses of the developing lung to retinoic acid signaling.","volume":"44","author":"Mollard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80562-0","article-title":"Morphogenesis.","volume":"96","author":"Hogan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1998.8907","article-title":"Abdominal B(AbdB) hoxa genes: regulation in adult uterus by estrogen and progesterone and repression in mullerian duct by the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES).","volume":"197","author":"Ma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.6.0284","article-title":"Hoxa-10 regulates uterine stromal cell responsiveness to progesterone during implantation and decidualization in the mouse.","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R77","article-title":"Progesterone and estradiol regulate the transcription of two abdominal B hoxa genes critical for implantation","author":"Yao","year":"1999"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.6.9891","article-title":"Mammary gland development is mediated by both stromal and epithelial progesterone receptors.","volume":"11","author":"Humphreys","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.16.3201","article-title":"Wnt-7a maintains appropriate uterine patterning during the development of the mouse female reproductive tract.","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.23.4781","article-title":"Gene dosage-dependent effects of the Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 mutations on morphogenesis of the terminal parts of the digestive and urogenital tracts.","volume":"124","author":"Warot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2020071618582832900_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.8.966","article-title":"Roles for Nkx3.1 in prostate development and cancer.","volume":"13","author":"Bhatia-Gaur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen Dev"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/143\/9\/3628\/9300147\/endo3628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/143\/9\/3628\/9300147\/endo3628.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1622098012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/143\/9\/3628\/2881059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2002-220184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]]}}}