{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:48:12Z","timestamp":1777592892833,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,27]],"date-time":"2004-01-27T01:14:29Z","timestamp":1075166069000},"page":"1556-1563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Stress-Induced Suppression of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator in the Female Rat: A Novel Neural Action for Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Xiao Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproduction, Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.B., J.C.M., K.T.O., X.F.L.), New Hunt\u2019s House King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Bowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproduction, Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.B., J.C.M., K.T.O., X.F.L.), New Hunt\u2019s House King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline C.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproduction, Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.B., J.C.M., K.T.O., X.F.L.), New Hunt\u2019s House King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Brain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine (S.D.B.), New Hunt\u2019s House King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stafford L.","family":"Lightman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology (S.L.L.), Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"O\u2019Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproduction, Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.B., J.C.M., K.T.O., X.F.L.), New Hunt\u2019s House King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2019041200285099600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/313054a0","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator.","volume":"313","author":"Brain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1159\/000127031","article-title":"Role of endogenous CRF in the mediation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide in rats.","volume":"62","author":"Kovacs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R3","first-page":"425","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor.","volume":"43","author":"Owens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/305534a0","article-title":"Stimulation of noradrenergic sympathetic outflow by calcitonin gene-related peptide.","volume":"305","author":"Fisher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00114-4","article-title":"Amylin reduces food intake more potently than calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) when injected into the lateral brain ventricle in rats.","volume":"19","author":"Lutz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145799001558","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels and alcohol.","volume":"2","author":"Ehlers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmcol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1996.0065","article-title":"The effects of central injections of calcitonin gene-related peptide on fear-related behavior.","volume":"66","author":"Poore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90782-X","article-title":"Increased concentration of calcitonin gene-related peptide in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients. A possible trait marker of major depressive disorder.","volume":"182","author":"Mathe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1997.00653.x","article-title":"Hypoglycaemia-induced inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in female rats: role of oestradiol, endogenous opioids and the adrenal medulla.","volume":"9","author":"Cagampang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01358-4","article-title":"Effects of glucose and related substrates on the recovery of the electrical activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator which is decreased by insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the estrogen-primed ovariectomized rat.","volume":"820","author":"He","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02301-X","article-title":"The area postrema mediates insulin hypoglycaemia-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion in the female rat.","volume":"853","author":"Cates","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-3-1470","article-title":"Investigation of the mechanism by which insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized ewes.","volume":"127","author":"Clarke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1998.00263.x","article-title":"Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion and expression of c-fos and corticotrophin-releasing factor genes in the paraventricular nucleus during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in sheep.","volume":"10","author":"Adam","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.5.8612542","article-title":"The insulin hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: roles of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor.","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1159\/000126291","article-title":"Hypoglycemic \u2019stress\u2019 and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary.","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R16","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey is not mediated by endogenous opioid peptides.","volume":"76","author":"Heisler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7892","article-title":"Hypoglycemia, but not insulin, acutely decreases LH and T secretion in men.","volume":"86","author":"Oltmanns","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-3-914","article-title":"Influence of corticotropin-releasing factor on reproductive functions in the rat.","volume":"114","author":"Rivier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000125563","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey. Electrophysiological studies.","volume":"52","author":"Williams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R20","author":"Cates"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3003907","article-title":"Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor.","volume":"231","author":"Rivier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1999.00312.x","article-title":"Effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on oestrogen-dependent glucoprivic suppression of luteinizing hormone secretion in female rats.","volume":"11","author":"Tsukahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980406)393:2<244::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Hypothalamic effector neurons and extended circuitries activated in \u201cneurogenic\u201d stress: a comparison of footshock effects exerted acutely, chronically, and in animals with controlled glucocorticoid levels.","volume":"393","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90175-6","article-title":"Evidence for corticotropin releasing factor and Leu-enkephalin in the neural projection from the lateral parabrachial nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus: a retrograde transport, immunohistochemical double labeling study in the rat.","volume":"321","author":"Lind","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R25","author":"Hahn"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01056.x","article-title":"Studies on the neuroanatomical basis for stress-induced oestrogen-potentiated suppression of reproductive function: evidence against direct corticotropin-releasing hormone projections to the vicinity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone cell bodies in female rats.","volume":"15","author":"Hahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00788.x","article-title":"Neuronal activity and neuropeptide gene transcription in the brains of immune-challenged rats.","volume":"7","author":"Rivest","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00577-0","article-title":"Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress.","volume":"84","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90034-K","article-title":"Co-localization of peptide-like immunoreactivities with glucocorticoid receptor- and Fos-like immunoreactivities in the rat parabrachial nucleus.","volume":"615","author":"Kainu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91710-V","article-title":"Identification of a sexually dimorphic neural population immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat medial preoptic area.","volume":"591","author":"Herbison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-5-533","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptors: molecular genetics, physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic potentials.","volume":"17","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(96)00023-1","article-title":"Neuroanatomical localization, pharmacological characterization and functions of CGRP, related peptides and their receptors.","volume":"21","author":"van Rossum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1290321","article-title":"Involvement of ovarian steroids and endogenous opioids in the fasting-induced suppression of pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized rats.","volume":"129","author":"Cagampang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R34","author":"Paxinos","year":"1986"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1999.00380.x","article-title":"Stress-induced suppression of pulsatile luteinising hormone release in the female rat: role of vasopressin.","volume":"11","author":"Cates","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01014.x","article-title":"The effect of oestradiol and progesterone on hypoglycaemic stress-induced suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone release and on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the rat.","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R37","first-page":"E786","article-title":"Estimating false-positive and false-negative errors in analyses of hormonal pulsatility","volume":"254","author":"Van Cauter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.4.8137735","article-title":"Involvement of the catecholaminergic input to the paraventricular nucleus and of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the fasting-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone release in female rats.","volume":"134","author":"Maeda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.233","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXXII. The mammalian calcitonin gene-related peptides, adrenomedullin, amylin, and calcitonin receptors.","volume":"54","author":"Poyner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220902","article-title":"Paraventricular nucleus administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits food intake and stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.","volume":"144","author":"Dhillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-4-2049","article-title":"Influence of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the alteration of neuroendocrine functions induced by intermittent footshock or interleukin.","volume":"129","author":"Rivest","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-1-323","article-title":"Hypophysiotropic regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.","volume":"117","author":"Plotsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114626","article-title":"Insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin secretion into hypophysial portal blood of conscious, unrestrained rams.","volume":"85","author":"Caraty","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E260","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E260","article-title":"Involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in diurnal ACTH and corticosterone responsiveness to stress","volume":"280","author":"Sage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382303","article-title":"Decreased epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia during sleep.","volume":"338","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90079-5","article-title":"Corticotropin releasing factor neurons are innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide terminals in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus.","volume":"33","author":"Harrigan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03118-8","article-title":"Axon terminals containing CGRP-immunoreactivity form synapses with CRF- and Met-enkephalin-immunopositive neurons in the laterodorsal division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat.","volume":"893","author":"Kozicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.4.0436","article-title":"Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders.","volume":"22","author":"Pacak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(88)90094-8","article-title":"Peptide injections into the amygdala of conscious rats: effects on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines.","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.22.61","article-title":"Inhibition of ovulation in the rat by electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdala.","volume":"22","author":"Kawakami","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2001.00721.x","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular adrenomedullin stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympathetic nervous system and production of hypothalamic nitric oxide.","volume":"13","author":"Shan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2019041200285099600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/8.suppl_2.162","article-title":"Modulation of reproductive hormone secretion by nutritional intake: stress signals versus metabolic signals","volume":"8","author":"Cameron","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8024","article-title":"Evidence for a causal role of low energy availability in the induction of menstrual cycle disturbances during strenuous exercise training.","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2019041200285099600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.7.3.377","article-title":"New therapeutic target in primary headaches\u2014blocking the CGRP receptor.","volume":"7","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/145\/4\/1556\/10786750\/endo1556.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T19:26:00Z","timestamp":1555097160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/145\/4\/1556\/2878049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2003-1609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}}}