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Only glucocorticoids and aldosterone were effective at low nanomolar concentrations, suggesting involvement of both type I (mineralocorticoid) and type II (glucocorticoid) receptors (MR and GR, respectively). ZK98299 and spironolactone (GR and MR antagonists, respectively) when used alone were unable to block corticosterone or aldosterone (2 nm)-induced somatotroph differentiation. However, ZK98299 and spironolactone in combination abolished corticosterone or aldosterone (2 nm)-induced somatotroph differentiation. When used separately, both antagonists attenuated induction of GH mRNA by corticosterone. Spironolactone alone blocked somatotroph differentiation induced by 0.2 nm corticosterone or aldosterone, indicating that corticosteroids at subnanomolar concentrations act only through the MR. GR protein was detected in pituitary extracts as early as embryonic d 8, whereas MR protein was readily detectable only around d 12. GR were expressed in greater than 95% of all pituitary cells, whereas MR were expressed in about 40% of all pituitary cells. Dual-label immunofluorescence revealed that the majority of somatotrophs on d 12 expressed MR. Given the high affinity of corticosteroids for MR and that corticosteroid concentrations during embryonic development are in the subnanomolar range, expression of MR may constitute a significant developmental event during somatotroph differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]],"date-time":"2004-04-13T00:23:51Z","timestamp":1081815831000},"page":"3523-3531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pituitary Expression of Type I and Type II Glucocorticoid Receptors during Chicken Embryonic Development and Their Involvement in Growth Hormone Cell Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bossis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (I.B., M.M., T.E.P.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 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