{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:53:11Z","timestamp":1792115591469,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes in extracellular glucose levels regulate the expression of the immediate-early response gene and zinc finger transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in insulin-producing pancreatic \u03b2-cells, but key target genes of Egr-1 in the endocrine pancreas have not been identified. We found that overexpression of Egr-1 in clonal (INS-1) \u03b2-cells increased transcriptional activation of the rat insulin I promoter. In contrast, reductions in Egr-1 expression levels or function with the introduction of either small interfering RNA targeted to Egr-1 (siEgr-1) or a dominant-negative form of Egr-1 decreased insulin promoter activation, and siEgr-1 suppressed insulin gene expression. Egr-1 did not directly interact with insulin promoter sequences, and mutagenesis of a potential G box recognition sequence for Egr-1 did not impair the Egr-1 responsiveness of the insulin promoter, suggesting that regulation of insulin gene expression by Egr-1 is probably mediated through additional transcription factors. Overexpression of Egr-1 increased, and reduction of Egr-1 expression decreased, transcriptional activation of the glucose-responsive FarFlat minienhancer within the rat insulin I promoter despite the absence of demonstrable Egr-1-binding activity to FarFlat sequences. Notably, augmenting Egr-1 expression levels in insulin-producing cells increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of pancreas duodenum homeobox-1 (PDX-1), a major transcriptional regulator of glucose-responsive activation of the insulin gene. Increasing Egr-1 expression levels enhanced PDX-1 binding to insulin promoter sequences, whereas mutagenesis of PDX-1-binding sites reduced the capacity of Egr-1 to activate the insulin promoter. We propose that changes in Egr-1 expression levels in response to extracellular signals, including glucose, can regulate PDX-1 expression and insulin production in pancreatic \u03b2-cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]],"date-time":"2006-03-17T01:25:16Z","timestamp":1142558716000},"page":"2923-2935","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Regulation of Insulin Gene Transcription by the Immediate-Early Growth Response Gene Egr-1"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Eto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varinderpal","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071619333677400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/315115a0","article-title":"Heritable formation of pancreatic \u03b2-cell tumors in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin\/simian virus 40 oncogenes.","volume":"315","author":"Hanahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071619333677400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.19.120185.002335","article-title":"Structure and evolution of the insulin gene.","volume":"19","author":"Steiner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2020071619333677400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.8.1002","article-title":"The insulin gene promoter. 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