{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:18:17Z","timestamp":1791155897416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptin reduces food intake by an unspecified mechanism. Studies show that forebrain ventricular leptin delivery increases the inhibitory effects of gastrointestinal (GI) stimulation on intake and amplifies the electrophysiological response to gastric distension in neurons of the medial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS). However, forebrain ventricular delivery leaves unspecified the neuroanatomical site(s) mediating leptin\u2019s effect on intake. Detailed anatomical analysis in rats and mice by phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 immunohistochemistry shows that hindbrain leptin-responsive neurons are located exclusively within the mNTS. Here, we investigate 1) whether leptin and gastric distension affect the same mNTS neurons and 2) whether the intake-inhibitory action of gastric distension is potentiated by hindbrain leptin delivery. Twenty-five minutes after gastric balloon distension or sham distension, rats were injected with leptin or vehicle and killed 35 min later. Double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Fos revealed that about 40% of leptin-responsive cells also respond to gastric distension. A paradigm was then developed to examine the relationship between leptin and gastric distension volume on intake inhibition. At subthreshold levels, hindbrain ventricular leptin or distension volume were without effect. When combined, an interaction occurred that significantly reduced food intake. We conclude that 1) leptin-responsive neurons in the hindbrain are primarily located in the mNTS at the level of the area postrema, a key vagal afferent projection zone of the GI system; 2) a significant proportion of leptin-responsive neurons in the mNTS are activated by stomach distension; and 3) leptin delivered to the hindbrain is sufficient to potentiate the intake-suppressive effects of an otherwise ineffective volume of gastric distension. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that leptin acts directly on neurons within the mNTS to reduce food intake through an interaction with GI signal processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T12:14:34Z","timestamp":1172232874000},"page":"2189-2197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Leptin and the Control of Food Intake: Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Are Activated by Both Gastric Distension and Leptin"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Lihong","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Medicine (L.H., C.B.), Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Groups of Psychology and Neuroscience (L.M., H.J.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bj\u00f8rb\u00e6k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Medicine (L.H., C.B.), Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey J.","family":"Grill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Groups of Psychology and Neuroscience (L.M., H.J.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071612595482600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2000.0197","article-title":"Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems.","volume":"21","author":"Ahima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","article-title":"Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals.","volume":"395","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113914","article-title":"Selective deletion of leptin receptor in neurons leads to obesity.","volume":"108","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.12.021","article-title":"Leptin directly activates SF1 neurons in the VMH, and this action by leptin is required for normal body-weight homeostasis.","volume":"49","author":"Dhillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R879","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00716.2004","article-title":"Leptin-induced satiation mediated by abdominal vagal afferents","volume":"288","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.59.1.305","article-title":"Leptin signaling in the central nervous system and the periphery.","volume":"59","author":"Bjorbaek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<535::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain.","volume":"395","author":"Elmquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221037","article-title":"Role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin gene expression by leptin.","volume":"144","author":"Munzberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.12.2119","article-title":"Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus.","volume":"46","author":"Schwartz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0115","article-title":"Arcuate nucleus-specific leptin receptor gene therapy attenuates the obesity phenotype of Koletsky (fak\/fak) rats.","volume":"144","author":"Morton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200522081","article-title":"Leptin action in the forebrain regulates the hindbrain response to satiety signals.","volume":"115","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00163-8","article-title":"The arcuate nucleus as a primary site of satiety effect of leptin in rats.","volume":"224","author":"Satoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(78)90102-1","article-title":"Projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat.","volume":"3","author":"Norgren","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/245323a0","article-title":"Cholecystokinin elicits satiety in rats with open gastric fistulas.","volume":"245","author":"Gibbs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R15","first-page":"R1245","article-title":"Vagal afferent and efferent contributions to the inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin","volume":"272","author":"Moran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R16","first-page":"R491","article-title":"Cholecystokinin suppresses food intake by inhibiting gastric emptying","volume":"242","author":"Moran","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R17","first-page":"R628","article-title":"Gastric and nongastric mechanisms for satiety action of cholecystokinin","volume":"254","author":"Moran","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268408","article-title":"Abdominal vagotomy blocks the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in the rat.","volume":"213","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R19","first-page":"R186","article-title":"Chronic administration of OB protein decreases food intake by selectively reducing meal size in female rats","volume":"275","author":"Eckel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R20","first-page":"R174","article-title":"Mode of action of OB protein (leptin) on feeding","volume":"275","author":"Flynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00393-0","article-title":"Leptin amplifies the feeding inhibition and neural activation arising from a gastric nutrient preload.","volume":"72","author":"Emond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R22","first-page":"R1545","article-title":"Central leptin modulates behavioral and neural responsivity to CCK","volume":"276","author":"Emond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(95)00038-G","article-title":"The direct and indirect controls of meal size.","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.19.10455","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between leptin and cholecystokinin to reduce short-term food intake in lean mice.","volume":"94","author":"Barrachina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(00)00153-1","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between CCK and leptin to regulate food intake.","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.12.7815","article-title":"Leptin deficiency induced by fasting impairs the satiety response to cholecystokinin.","volume":"141","author":"McMinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(97)00138-1","article-title":"Synergy between leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) to control daily caloric intake.","volume":"18","author":"Matson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220352","article-title":"Leptin and neuropeptide Y have opposing modulatory effects on nucleus of the solitary tract neurophysiological responses to gastric loads: implications for the control of food intake.","volume":"143","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8589","article-title":"Evidence that the caudal brainstem is a target for the inhibitory effect of leptin on food intake.","volume":"143","author":"Grill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220077","article-title":"Brain stem is a direct target for leptin\u2019s action in the central nervous system.","volume":"143","author":"Hosoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1143","article-title":"Divergent regulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons by leptin in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus.","volume":"55","author":"Huo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R32","first-page":"R223","article-title":"Oral-pharyngeal-esophageal and gastric cues contribute to meal-induced c-fos expression","volume":"268","author":"Fraser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.018","article-title":"Gastric distension enhances CCK-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal hindbrain by activating 5-HT3 receptors.","volume":"1088","author":"Hayes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R34","first-page":"R59","article-title":"Gastric distension-induced c-fos expression in catecholaminergic neurons of rat dorsal vagal complex","volume":"272","author":"Willing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R695","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00809.2004","article-title":"CCK enhances response to gastric distension by acting on capsaicin insensitive vagal afferents","volume":"289","author":"Wall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G228","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00373.2003","article-title":"Gastric distention-induced release of serotonin stimulates c-fos expression in specific brain nuclei via 5-HT3 receptors in conscious rats","volume":"287","author":"Mazda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00173-X","article-title":"Differential c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal cord following noxious gastric distention in the rat.","volume":"74","author":"Traub","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R38","first-page":"673","article-title":"A new technique for the analysis of phasic gastric acid responses in the unanesthetized rat.","volume":"30","author":"Weingarten","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R39","author":"Paxinos","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000724)423:2<261::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Chemical characterization of leptin-activated neurons in the rat brain.","volume":"423","author":"Elias","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02413.2001","article-title":"Leptin-induced nuclear translocation of STAT3 immunoreactivity in hypothalamic nuclei involved in body weight regulation.","volume":"21","author":"Hubschle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.02.012","article-title":"Gastrointestinal mechanisms of satiation for food.","volume":"81","author":"Ritter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(95)80001-8","article-title":"Peptide cholecystokinin receptor antagonist increases food intake in rats.","volume":"24","author":"Brenner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R389","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00529.2002","article-title":"Effects of peripheral CCK receptor blockade on feeding responses to duodenal nutrient infusions in rats","volume":"284","author":"Reidelberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R45","first-page":"R554","article-title":"CCK-receptor antagonists attenuate suppression of sham feeding by intestinal nutrients","volume":"262","author":"Yox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R868","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00213.2006","article-title":"Leptin antagonist reveals that the normalization of caloric intake and the thermic effect of food following high-fat feeding are leptin dependent","volume":"292","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1368","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00080.2001","article-title":"Daily CCK injection enhances reduction of body weight by chronic intracerebroventricular leptin infusion","volume":"282","author":"Matson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91072-8","article-title":"Fourth ventricular phlorizin dissociates feeding from hyperglycemia in rats.","volume":"341","author":"Flynn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050253","article-title":"Contribution of caudal brainstem to d-fenfluramine anorexia.","volume":"130","author":"Grill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1862","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.6.R1862","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular CART peptide reduces food intake and alters motor behavior at a hindbrain site","volume":"281","author":"Aja","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012244","article-title":"Drinking and haemodynamic changes induced in the dog by intracranial injection of components of the renin-angiotensin system.","volume":"276","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6264602","article-title":"Glucoreceptors controlling feeding and blood glucose: location in the hindbrain.","volume":"213","author":"Ritter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00604.2003","article-title":"Evidence that paraventricular nucleus oxytocin neurons link hypothalamic leptin action to caudal brain stem nuclei controlling meal size","volume":"287","author":"Blevins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake.","volume":"404","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R55","first-page":"G79","article-title":"Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus modulates the activity of gut-sensitive neurons in the vagal complex","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(89)90150-7","article-title":"The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing.","volume":"29","author":"Dragunow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.106336","article-title":"Rapid inhibition of neural excitability in the nucleus tractus solitarii by leptin: implications for ingestive behaviour.","volume":"573","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00439.2005","article-title":"Leptin and CCK modulate complementary background conductances to depolarize cultured nodose neurons","volume":"290","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R59","first-page":"G626","article-title":"Peripheral gastric leptin modulates brain stem neuronal activity in neonates","volume":"277","author":"Yuan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00434-4","article-title":"Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem.","volume":"77","author":"Larsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R470","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00732.2002","article-title":"Gastric distension induces c-Fos in medullary GLP-1\/2-containing neurons","volume":"285","author":"Vrang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1214","article-title":"Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system.","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0877","article-title":"Characterization of leptin-responsive neurons in the caudal brainstem.","volume":"147","author":"Ellacott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(98)00078-0","article-title":"Association of leptin receptor (OB-Rb), NPY and GLP-1 gene expression in the ovine and murine brainstem.","volume":"76","author":"Mercer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Regul Pept 75-"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R65","first-page":"A14","article-title":"Pro-glucagon-producing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are differentially regulated by leptin in mice and rats","volume":"14","author":"Huo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (NAASO, program abstract supplement)"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630105","article-title":"Relationships between the morphology and function of gastric- and intestine-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.","volume":"363","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071612595482600_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2001.0224","article-title":"The neuroanatomical axis for control of energy balance.","volume":"23","author":"Grill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/148\/5\/2189\/11060328\/endo2189.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/148\/5\/2189\/11060328\/endo2189.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T22:40:46Z","timestamp":1594939246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/148\/5\/2189\/2501936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2006-1572","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]}}}