{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:17:31Z","timestamp":1791245851823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The reproductive system is extremely susceptible to insults from exposure to exogenous steroids during development. Excess prenatal testosterone exposure programs neuroendocrine, ovarian, and metabolic deficits in the female, features seen in women with polycystic ovary disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether prenatal testosterone excess also disrupts the male reproductive system, using sheep as a model system. The extent of reproductive disruption was tested by assessing sperm quantity and quality as well as Leydig cell responsiveness to human chorionic gonadotropin. Males born to mothers treated with 30 mg testosterone propionate twice weekly from d 30 to 90 and with 40 mg testosterone propionate from d 90 to 120 of pregnancy (T-males) showed a significant reduction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in body weight, scrotal circumference, and sperm count compared with control males. Mean straight line velocity of sperms was also lower in T-males (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Circulating testosterone levels in response to the human chorionic gonadotropin did not differ between groups. These findings demonstrate that exposure to excess testosterone during fetal development has a negative impact on reproductive health of the male offspring, raising concerns relative to unintended human exposure to steroidal mimics in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T01:10:06Z","timestamp":1217553006000},"page":"6444-6448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Prenatal Testosterone Excess Reduces Sperm Count and Motility"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Sergio E.","family":"Recabarren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology (S.E.R., P.P.R.-G., M.P.R., V.H.A.), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Casilla 537, Chillan 3801061, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro P.","family":"Rojas-Garci\u0301a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology (S.E.R., P.P.R.-G., M.P.R., V.H.A.), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Casilla 537, Chillan 3801061, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo\u0301nica P.","family":"Recabarren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology (S.E.R., P.P.R.-G., M.P.R., V.H.A.), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Casilla 537, Chillan 3801061, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor H.","family":"Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology (S.E.R., P.P.R.-G., M.P.R., V.H.A.), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Casilla 537, Chillan 3801061, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Maternal and Child Research (R.S.), University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasantha","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences Program (V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Sir-Petermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism (T.S.-P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071614002644400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease.","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R2","author":"Nathanielsz","year":"1999"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2005.00020.x","article-title":"The developmental origins of adult disease.","volume":"1","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220205","article-title":"Effects of nutrition and environmental factors on the fetal programming of the reproductive axis.","volume":"122","author":"Rhind","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00634-7","article-title":"Fetal programming of appetite and obesity.","volume":"185","author":"Breier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2002.0195","article-title":"Perinatal growth failure: the road to obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in adults.","volume":"16","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R7","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Influence of tobacco smoking to development of the fetus, newborn and child\u2014a review.","volume":"63","author":"Szymanowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Przeglad Lekarski"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-05","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal programming: effects on neuroendocrine and immune function.","volume":"230","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1367.026","article-title":"Fetal origins of stress-related adult disease.","volume":"1083","author":"Kajantie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7014","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502544102","article-title":"Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra.","volume":"102","author":"Timms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0987","article-title":"Transgenerational epigenetic imprinting of the male germline by endocrine disruptor exposure during gonadal sex determination.","volume":"147","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.05.039","article-title":"Mechanisms by which poor early growth programs type-2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome.","volume":"88","author":"Fernandez-Twinn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.11.016","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone programs reproductive and metabolic dysfunction in the female.","volume":"246","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R14","first-page":"259","author":"Abbott","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00691-4","article-title":"Programming and reproductive functioning.","volume":"13","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872006000100015","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to androgens as a factor of fetal programming.","volume":"134","author":"Recabarren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.04.004","article-title":"Programming of GnRH feedback controls timing puberty and adult reproductive activity.","volume":"254\u2013255","author":"Foster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"2020071614002644400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1164","article-title":"Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations","volume":"147","author":"Newbold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2573","article-title":"Maternal serum androgens in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible implications in prenatal androgenization.","volume":"10","author":"Sir-Petermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.3.0432","article-title":"Environmental signaling: what embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals.","volume":"22","author":"McLachlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.062","article-title":"Computer-assisted analysis of sperm motion in goats and its relationship with sperm migration in cervical mucus.","volume":"66","author":"Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0420503","article-title":"Diurnal fluctuations of testosterone and LH in the ram: effect of HCG and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.","volume":"42","author":"Falvo","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602007000400007","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone treatment alters LH and testosterone responsiveness to GnRH agonist in male sheep.","volume":"40","author":"Recabarren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Res"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6958","article-title":"Spermatogenesis without gonadotropins: maintenance has a lower threshold than initiation.","volume":"140","author":"Handelsman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-5-2457","article-title":"Prenatal androgens time neuroendocrine sexual maturation.","volume":"128","author":"Wood","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod37.1.60","article-title":"The numbers of Sertoli cells in mature Holstein bulls and their relationship to quantitative aspects of spermatogenesis.","volume":"37","author":"Berndtson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1987.641241x","article-title":"Relationship of absolute numbers of Sertoli cells to testicular size and spermatogenesis in young beef bulls.","volume":"64","author":"Berndtson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R28","first-page":"47","article-title":"Endocrine control of spermatogenesis in the ram.","volume":"30","author":"Courot","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R29","first-page":"163","article-title":"Role of GnRH in the ontogeny and regulation of the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in sheep.","volume":"49","author":"Brooks","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90092-5","article-title":"Infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist during pregnancy: maternal and fetal responses in primates.","volume":"156","author":"Sopelak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0918","article-title":"Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in prenatally androgenized male rhesus monkeys.","volume":"89","author":"Bruns","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0322","article-title":"Fetal programming: excess prenatal testosterone reduces postnatal luteinizing hormone, but not follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness, to estradiol negative feedback in the female.","volume":"146","author":"Sarma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00632-3","article-title":"Intra-follicular activin availability is altered in prenatally androgenized lambs.","volume":"185","author":"West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1338","article-title":"Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone treatment leads to follicular persistence\/luteal defects: partial restoration of ovarian function by cyclic progesterone treatment.","volume":"147","author":"Manikkam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1444","article-title":"Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone treatment causes intrauterine growth retardation, reduces ovarian reserve and increases ovarian follicular recruitment.","volume":"146","author":"Steckler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.1.216","article-title":"Ontogeny of steroidogenesis in the fetal sheep gonad.","volume":"65","author":"Quirke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-3-787","article-title":"Evidence from Sertoli cell-depleted rats indicates that spermatid number in adults depends on numbers of Sertoli cells produced during perinatal development.","volume":"122","author":"Orth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000177491.98461.aa","article-title":"Increased incidence of testicular cancer in men presenting with infertility and abnormal semen analysis.","volume":"174","author":"Raman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2003.00367.x","article-title":"The \u2018oestrogen hypothesis\u2019\u2014where do we stand now?","volume":"26","author":"Sharpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90953-E","article-title":"Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?","volume":"341","author":"Sharpe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s33","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb-nm-fertilityS33","article-title":"Environment, lifestyle and infertility\u2014an intergenerational issue.","volume":"4(Suppl)","author":"Sharpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2002.0205","article-title":"Impact of exposure to endocrine disrupters in utero and in childhood on adult reproduction.","volume":"16","author":"Norgil Damgaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-006-9062-0","article-title":"Genotyping of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency presenting as male infertility: case report and literature review.","volume":"23","author":"Sugino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924072","article-title":"Late diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.","volume":"114","author":"Mu\u0308ssig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0255","article-title":"Pituitary and testicular function in sons of women with polycystic ovary syndrome from infancy to adulthood.","volume":"93","author":"Recabarren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2256","article-title":"Metabolic profile in sons of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"93","author":"Recabarren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R47","first-page":"P1","volume-title":"Program of the 88th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society","author":"Recabarren","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03990.x","article-title":"Are male reproductive disorders a common entity? The testicular dysgenesis syndrome.","volume":"948","author":"Boisen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020071614002644400_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60530-5","article-title":"Influence of endocrine disruptors on human male fertility.","volume":"15","author":"Giwercman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/149\/12\/6444\/9002441\/endo6444.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/149\/12\/6444\/9002441\/endo6444.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T01:10:17Z","timestamp":1594948217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/149\/12\/6444\/2455512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2008-0785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,31]]}}}