{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:44:08Z","timestamp":1790059448533,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Myostatin, a member of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily of proteins, is known to suppress skeletal muscle mass and myocyte proliferation. The muscular component of the uterus is the myometrium, a tissue that regulates its mass in response to different physiological conditions under the influence of sex steroids. Recently, our laboratory reported effects of activin-A, another TGF-\u03b2 family member, on signalling and proliferation of rat uterine explants and human myometrial cell lines in culture. Here, we explore the expression, actions, and regulation of myostatin in uterine smooth muscle. Myostatin mRNA was demonstrated to be expressed in a myometrial cell line, pregnant human myometrial 1 cell line (PHM1). Functional assays showed that myostatin induced phosphorylation of Smad-2 and reduced proliferation of PHM1 number in a time and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, myostatin activated smad-2 specific signalling pathways in rat uterine explants. To expand on our in vitro findings, we found that myostatin is expressed in rat uterus and determined that myostatin mRNA expression varies as a function of the phase of the estrous cycle. Uterine levels of myostatin peaked during late estrus and were the lowest at proestrus. Ovariectomy increased myostatin expression; estrogen treatment strongly decreased myostatin levels, whereas progesterone weakly decreased myostatin expression. In conclusion, myometrial cells are myostatin sensitive, myostatin mRNA levels are modulated in vivo in rats during the estrous cycle, and in response to steroid deprivation and replacement.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Myometrial cells are myostatin-sensitive; myostatin mRNA levels are modulated in rats during the estrous cycle and in response to steroid deprivation and replacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,10]],"date-time":"2008-10-10T00:49:11Z","timestamp":1223599751000},"page":"906-914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Presence, Actions, and Regulation of Myostatin in Rat Uterus and Myometrial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Pasquapina","family":"Ciarmela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Wiater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wylie","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071612432429000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-71","article-title":"A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in 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