{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:15:10Z","timestamp":1790871310389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Color vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors that express opsin photopigments with sensitivities to different light wavelengths. Most mammals, including mice, differentially express M and S opsins for response to medium-long and short wavelengths, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated that a thyroid hormone receptor (TR\u03b22) is critical for opsin patterning: in TR\u03b22-deficient mice, M opsin is lost and all cones instead express S opsin. Here, to investigate the requirement for thyroid hormone in cone development, we studied Tshr\u2212\/\u2212mice as a model of congenital hypothyroidism. The onset of M opsin expression in Tshr\u2212\/\u2212mice was severely delayed until after postnatal d 17 (P17), and M opsin expression failed to attain normal levels at older adult ages. S opsin showed a subtler change with an extended distribution pattern over the superior-inferior axis of the retina. Similar opsin abnormalities were detected in wild-type C57BL\/6J mice made hypothyroid by methimazole treatment. In Tshr\u2212\/\u2212 mice, T3 treatment from P8 recovered significant M opsin expression at P17. Tshr\u2212\/\u2212 mice produced normal numbers of cones, indicating that the major requirement for thyroid hormone is in opsin patterning rather than in cone generation. The phenotype is similar to, although milder than, that caused by loss of TR\u03b22 and indicates the necessity for thyroid hormone for cone maturation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Hypothyroidism in mice retards expression of cone opsins, the photopigments required for color vision, highlighting the sensitivity of sensory systems to thyroid hormone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,30]],"date-time":"2008-10-30T21:06:23Z","timestamp":1225400783000},"page":"1536-1544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Retarded Developmental Expression and Patterning of Retinal Cone Opsins in Hypothyroid Mice"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Ailing","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (A.L., L.N., M.M., B.K., D.F.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (A.L., L.N., M.M., B.K., D.F.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (A.L., L.N., M.M., B.K., D.F.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kefas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (A.L., L.N., M.M., B.K., D.F.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry F.","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (T.F.D.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (A.H.), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chao","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Branch, and National Eye Institute (C.-C.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Forrest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (A.L., L.N., M.M., B.K., D.F.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071612485704500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.4743","article-title":"Color vision: opsins and options.","volume":"96","author":"Mollon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80845-4","article-title":"The evolution and physiology of human color vision: insights from molecular genetic studies of visual pigments.","volume":"24","author":"Nathans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901880205","article-title":"Rods and cones in the mouse retina. 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Autoradiographic analysis of cell generation using tritiated thymidine.","volume":"188","author":"Carter-Dawson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.589","article-title":"Cell fate determination in the vertebrate retina.","volume":"93","author":"Cepko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.01.004","article-title":"The role of opsin expression and apoptosis in determination of cone types in human retina.","volume":"78","author":"Cornish","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903310411","article-title":"Spatial and temporal differences between the expression of short- and middle-wave sensitive cone pigments in the mouse retina: a developmental 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Structural analysis using light and electron microscopy.","volume":"188","author":"Carter-Dawson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21155","article-title":"Transient expression of thyroid hormone nuclear receptor TR\u03b22 sets S opsin patterning during cone photoreceptor genesis.","volume":"236","author":"Applebury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0908","article-title":"Thyroid hormone action is required for normal cone opsin expression during mouse retinal development.","volume":"49","author":"Pessoa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2020071612485704500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00599-4","article-title":"Thyroid hormone transporters: recent 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retina.","volume":"37","author":"Pinazo-Duran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/150\/3\/1536\/9006956\/endo1536.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/150\/3\/1536\/9006956\/endo1536.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T16:01:24Z","timestamp":1632067284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/150\/3\/1536\/2455817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2008-1092","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1157741.617963","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,30]]}}}