{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:08:01Z","timestamp":1790435281417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Deteriorated male reproductive health has been connected to overexposure to estrogens or to imbalanced androgen-estrogen ratio. Transgenic male mice expressing human aromatase (AROM+ mice) serve as an apt model for the study of the consequences of an altered androgen-estrogen ratio. Our previous studies with AROM+ mice showed that low androgen levels together with high estrogen levels result in cryptorchidism and infertility. In the present study, the AROM+ mice were shown to have severe abnormalities in the structure and function of Leydig cells before the appearance of spermatogenic failure. Decreased expression of adult-type Leydig cell markers (Ptgds, Vcam1, Insl3, Klk21, -24 and -27, Star, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) indicated an immature developmental stage of the Leydig cells, which appears to be the first estrogen-dependent alteration. Genes involved in steroidogenesis (Star, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) were suppressed despite normal LH levels. The low expression level of kallikreins 21, 24, and 27 potentially further inhibited Leydig cell function via remodeling extracellular matrix composition. In connection with disrupted steroidogenesis, Leydig cells showed enlarged mitochondria, a reduced amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and an accumulation of cholesterol and precursors for cholesterol synthesis. The results of studies with AROM+ mice crossed with estrogen receptor \u03b1 or \u03b2 (ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2, respectively) knockout mice lead to the conclusion that the structural and functional disorders caused by estrogen exposure were mediated via ER\u03b1, whereas ER\u03b2 was not involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:40:17Z","timestamp":1233981617000},"page":"2865-2872","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Increased Exposure to Estrogens Disturbs Maturation, Steroidogenesis, and Cholesterol Homeostasis via Estrogen Receptor \u03b1 in Adult Mouse Leydig Cells"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Leena","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (L.S., J.K., N.D., P.P., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, Turku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (L.S., J.K., N.D., P.P., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, Turku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimisha","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (L.S., J.K., N.D., P.P., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, Turku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirjo","family":"Pakarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (L.S., J.K., N.D., P.P., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, Turku"},{"name":"Center for Disease Modeling (P.P., M.P.), and Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatu","family":"Miettinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (T.M.), Division of Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Gylling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Department of Medicine (H.G.), University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cell Biology (M.A., A.M.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Ma\u0308kela\u0308","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry (S.M.), University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Mayerhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cell Biology (M.A., A.M.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Poutanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (L.S., J.K., N.D., P.P., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, Turku"},{"name":"Center for Disease Modeling (P.P., M.P.), and Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071613520374300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1210\/er.22.3.289","article-title":"Estrogen and spermatogenesis.","volume":"22","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2002.00376.x","article-title":"Seminal plasma androgen\/oestrogen balance in infertile men.","volume":"25","author":"Luboshitzky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02707.x","article-title":"Neonatal coadministration of testosterone with diethylstilbestrol prevents diethylstilbestrol induction of most reproductive tract abnormalities in male rats.","volume":"24","author":"Rivas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220419","article-title":"Comparison of androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor \u03b2 immunoexpression in the testes of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) from birth to adulthood: low androgen receptor immunoexpression in Sertoli cells during the neonatal increase in testosterone concentrations.","volume":"122","author":"McKinnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(96)80016-8","article-title":"Effects of in-utero exposure to zeranol or diethylstilboestrol on morphological development of the fetal testis in mice.","volume":"114","author":"Pe\u0301rez-Marti\u0301nez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1991.tb01604.x","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol inhibition of Leydig cell regeneration in the ethane dimethylsulfonate-treated mature rat.","volume":"12","author":"Abney","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0450487","article-title":"The effects of diethylstilbestrol on testicular 17\u03b1-desmolase activities in Balb\/c mice.","volume":"45","author":"Samules","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1237","article-title":"Aberrant cholesterol transport and impaired steroidogenesis in Leydig cells lacking estrogen sulfotransferase.","volume":"145","author":"Tong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.3.8603575","article-title":"Expression of cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/C17\u201320 lyase in the fetal rat testis is reduced by maternal exposure to exogenous estrogens.","volume":"137","author":"Majdic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1540","article-title":"Endogenous estrogens inhibit mouse fetal Leydig cell development via estrogen receptor \u03b1.","volume":"146","author":"Delbe\u0300s","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0689","article-title":"ER\u03b1 is a major contributor to estrogen-mediated fetal testis dysgenesis and cryptorchidism.","volume":"148","author":"Cederroth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6681com","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 mediates an intraovarian negative feedback loop on thecal cell steroidogenesis via modulation of Cyp17a1 (cytochrome P450, steroid 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17,20 lyase) expression.","volume":"21","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0276","article-title":"The intraovarian actions of estrogen receptor-\u03b1 are necessary to repress the formation of morphological and functional Leydig-like cells in the female gonad.","volume":"147","author":"Couse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)02093-4","article-title":"Role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in steroidogenesis.","volume":"51","author":"Stocco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1204","article-title":"Energized, polarized, and actively respiring mitochondria are required for acute Leydig cell steroidogenesis.","volume":"147","author":"Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1488","article-title":"Effect of myxothiazol on Leydig cell steroidogenesis: inhibition of luteinizing hormone-mediated testosterone synthesis but stimulation of basal steroidogenesis.","volume":"148","author":"Midzak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.014662","article-title":"Estrogen increases mitochondrial efficiency and reduces oxidative stress in cerebral blood vessels.","volume":"68","author":"Stirone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-11-1013","article-title":"Functional estrogen receptors in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells.","volume":"17","author":"Pedram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8211","article-title":"Altered structure and function of reproductive organs in transgenic male mice overexpressing human aromatase.","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0654","article-title":"Transgenic mice expressing p450 aromatase as a model for male infertility associated with chronic inflammation in the testis.","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03206-5","article-title":"Number, distribution pattern, and identification of macrophages in the testes of infertile men.","volume":"78","author":"Frungieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00626-9","article-title":"Human testicular mast cells contain tryptase: increased mast cell number and altered distribution in the testes of infertile men.","volume":"74","author":"Meineke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.12.002","article-title":"Evidence for a histaminergic system in the human testis.","volume":"83","author":"Albrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11162","article-title":"Alteration of reproductive function but not prenatal sexual development after insertional disruption of the mouse estrogen receptor gene.","volume":"90","author":"Lubahn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15677","article-title":"Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor \u03b2.","volume":"95","author":"Krege","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.4.8462469","article-title":"A supersensitive immunofluorometric assay for rat luteinizing hormone.","volume":"132","author":"Haavisto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-4-698","article-title":"Treatment of prostatic cancer with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist analog: acute and long term effects on endocrine functions of testis tissue.","volume":"61","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2169","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of human testicular peritubular cells: a new model for the investigation of fibrotic processes in the human testis and male infertility.","volume":"91","author":"Albrecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.7.0481","article-title":"Identification of an ovarian voltage-activated Na+-channel type: hints to involvement in luteolysis.","volume":"14","author":"Bulling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38566-7","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism during ketoconazole treatment in man.","volume":"29","author":"Miettinen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220292","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b1 gene deficiency enhances androgen biosynthesis in the mouse Leydig cell.","volume":"144","author":"Akingbemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6253","article-title":"Effects of castration and chronic steroid treatments on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone content and pituitary gonadotropins in male wild-type and estrogen receptor-\u03b1 knockout mice.","volume":"139","author":"Lindzey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.11.8895349","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the estrogen receptor gene in male mice causes alteration of spermatogenesis and infertility.","volume":"137","author":"Eddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R34","first-page":"300","article-title":"Detection of changes in human cholesterol metabolism.","volume":"2","author":"Miettinen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Clin Res"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115479","article-title":"Serum plant sterols and cholesterol precursors reflect cholesterol absorption and synthesis in volunteers of a randomly selected male population.","volume":"131","author":"Miettinen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.5.8404681","article-title":"Differential regulation of steroidogenic enzymes during differentiation optimizes testosterone production by adult rat Leydig cells.","volume":"133","author":"Shan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.4.966","article-title":"Changes in Leydig cell gene expression during development in the mouse.","volume":"66","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.037499","article-title":"Gene expression in rat Leydig cells during development from the progenitor to adult stage: a cluster analysis.","volume":"72","author":"Ge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00352.x","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the components of the neonatal and the adult rat testis interstitium.","volume":"10","author":"Mendis-Handagama","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(99)00041-0","article-title":"The potential roles of estrogens in regulating Leydig cell development and function: a review.","volume":"64","author":"Abney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63191-4","article-title":"Multiple structural and functional abnormalities in the p450 aromatase expressing transgenic male mice are ameliorated by a p450 aromatase inhibitor.","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0113","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of androgen receptor (AR) mutants suggests instructive and permissive roles of AR signaling in germ cell development.","volume":"21","author":"Eacker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.17.3491","article-title":"Failure of normal adult Leydig cell development in androgen-receptor-deficient mice.","volume":"115","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1046","article-title":"Feedback inhibition of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in vitro and in vivo by androgens.","volume":"145","author":"Houk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.05.011","article-title":"Characterization of mouse glandular kallikrein 24 expressed in testicular Leydig cells.","volume":"37","author":"Matsui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.11.8505","article-title":"Mouse testicular Leydig cells express Klk21, a tissue kallikrein that cleaves fibronectin and IGF-binding protein-3.","volume":"142","author":"Matsui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2000.01786.x","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of mouse klk27, a novel tissue kallikrein expressed in testicular Leydig cells and exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity.","volume":"267","author":"Matsui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.5.7682935","article-title":"Expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, -2, -3, and -4 messenger ribonucleic acids in purified rat Leydig cells and their biological effects.","volume":"132","author":"Lin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.1.157","article-title":"Adhesion, shape, proliferation, and gene expression of mouse Leydig cells are influenced by extracellular matrix in vitro.","volume":"44","author":"Vernon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R50","first-page":"83","article-title":"Age-related changes in the skeletal muscle cells.","volume":"21","author":"Beregi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Z Gerontol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000212851","article-title":"Giant mitochondria in the myocardium of aging and endurance-trained mice.","volume":"33","author":"Coleman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/01913120290076847","article-title":"Giant mitochondria in a cardiomyopathic heart.","volume":"26","author":"Tandler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1297.015","article-title":"Aging of cardiac myocytes in culture: oxidative stress, lipofuscin accumulation, and mitochondrial turnover.","volume":"1019","author":"Terman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082192","article-title":"The division of endosymbiotic organelles.","volume":"302","author":"Osteryoung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18792","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400920200","article-title":"Loss of the intermembrane space protein Mgm1\/OPA1 induces swelling and localized constrictions along the lengths of mitochondria.","volume":"279","author":"Griparic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.38.072902.093019","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in yeast and multicellular eukaryotes.","volume":"39","author":"Okamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.09.013","article-title":"Giant mitochondria do not fuse and exchange their contents with normal mitochondria.","volume":"314","author":"Navratil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306948101","article-title":"Mitochondrial localization of estrogen receptor \u03b2.","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1182","article-title":"Subcellular distribution of native estrogen receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2 isoforms in rabbit uterus and ovary.","volume":"82","author":"Monje","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20178","article-title":"Binding of MCF-7 cell mitochondrial proteins and recombinant human estrogen receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2 to human mitochondrial DNA estrogen response elements.","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2020071613520374300_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2007.05.008","article-title":"ER\u03b2 shifts from mitochondria to nucleus during estrogen-induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells and is involved in estrogen-induced synthesis of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins.","volume":"1773","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/150\/6\/2865\/9007974\/endo2865.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/150\/6\/2865\/9007974\/endo2865.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T03:01:57Z","timestamp":1710039717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/150\/6\/2865\/2456313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2008-1311","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]}}}