{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:04:43Z","timestamp":1791252283713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, exendin-4 and liraglutide, suppress food intake and body weight. The mediating site(s) of action for the anorectic effects produced by peripheral administration of these GLP-1R agonists are not known. Experiments addressed whether food intake suppression after ip delivery of exendin-4 and liraglutide is mediated exclusively by peripheral GLP-1R or also involves direct central nervous system (CNS) GLP-1R activation. Results showed that CNS delivery [third intracerebroventricular (3rd ICV)] of the GLP-1R antagonist exendin-(9\u201339) (100 \u03bcg), attenuated the intake suppression by ip liraglutide (10 \u03bcg) and exendin-4 (3 \u03bcg), particularly at 6 h and 24 h. Control experiments show that these findings appear to be based neither on the GLP-1R antagonist acting as a nonspecific competing orexigenic signal nor on blockade of peripheral GLP-1R via efflux of exendin-(9\u201339) to the periphery. To assess the contribution of GLP-1R expressed on subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents to the anorectic effects of liraglutide and exendin-4, food intake was compared in rats with complete subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation and surgical controls after ip delivery of the agonists. Both liraglutide and exendin-4 suppressed food intake at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h for controls; for subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation rats higher doses of the GLP-1R agonists were needed for significant food intake suppression, which was observed at 6 h and 24 h after liraglutide and at 24 h after exendin-4. Conclusion: Food intake suppression after peripheral administration of exendin-4 and liraglutide is mediated by activation of GLP-1R expressed on vagal afferents as well as direct CNS GLP-1R activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T20:15:51Z","timestamp":1308687351000},"page":"3103-3112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":332,"title":["Peripheral and Central GLP-1 Receptor Populations Mediate the Anorectic Effects of Peripherally Administered GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Liraglutide and Exendin-4"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Kanoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences (S.E.K., S.M.F., H.J.G.) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Fortin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences (S.E.K., S.M.F., H.J.G.) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrtha","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Behavior Group (M.A.), Institute of Animal Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey J.","family":"Grill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences (S.E.K., S.M.F., H.J.G.) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine (M.R.H.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071612344158900_B1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 Overweight and obesity: data and statistics. 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