{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T18:39:41Z","timestamp":1768070381581,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A unique mouse model was developed with elevated endogenous GH (2- to 3-fold) and IGF-I (1.2- to 1.4-fold), due to somatotrope-specific Cre-mediated inactivation of IGF-I receptor (IgfIr) and insulin receptor (Insr) genes (IgfIr,InsrrGHpCre, referred to as HiGH mice). We demonstrate that the metabolic phenotype of HiGH mice is diet dependent and differs from that observed in other mouse models of GH excess due to ectopic heterologous transgene expression or pituitary tumor formation. Elevated endogenous GH promotes lean mass and whole-body lipid oxidation but has minimal effects on adiposity, even in response to diet-induced obesity. When caloric intake is moderated, elevated GH improves glucose clearance, despite low\/normal insulin sensitivity, which may be explained in part by enhanced IGF-I and insulin output. However, when caloric intake is in excess, elevated GH promotes hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and ketosis. The HiGH mouse model represents a useful tool to study the role endogenous circulating GH levels play in regulating health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]],"date-time":"2011-10-12T03:05:15Z","timestamp":1318388715000},"page":"4825-4837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Elevated GH\/IGF-I, Due to Somatotrope-Specific Loss of Both IGF-I and Insulin Receptors, Alters Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in a Diet-Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Manuel D.","family":"Gahete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M.D.G., J.C.-C., C.V.A., Q.L., R.D.K.) Chicago, IL 60612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"C\u00f3rdoba-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M.D.G., J.C.-C., C.V.A., Q.L., R.D.K.) Chicago, IL 60612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chike V.","family":"Anadumaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M.D.G., J.C.-C., C.V.A., Q.L., R.D.K.) Chicago, IL 60612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M.D.G., J.C.-C., C.V.A., Q.L., R.D.K.) Chicago, IL 60612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens C.","family":"Br\u00fcning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine, Mouse Genetics and Metabolism and Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, and Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital (J.C.B.), 50924 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Ronald","family":"Kahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Obesity and Hormone Action, Joslin Diabetes Center (C.R.K.), Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal M.","family":"Luque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), and Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de la Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), (R.M.L.), 14014 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhonda D.","family":"Kineman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, (M.D.G., J.C.-C., C.V.A., Q.L., R.D.K.) Chicago, IL 60612"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071612550295500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2009.09.002","article-title":"Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.","volume":"20","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.08.015","article-title":"Growth hormone and protein metabolism.","volume":"28","author":"Moller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0027","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects.","volume":"30","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1334-3","article-title":"Effects of GH in human muscle and fat.","volume":"25","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.02.005","article-title":"Growth hormone and physical perfromance.","volume":"22","author":"Birzniece","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0086","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.","volume":"147","author":"Berryman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2005.05.001","article-title":"Effects of recombinant mouse growth hormone treatment on growth and body composition in GHRH knock out mice.","volume":"15","author":"Alba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01272.x","article-title":"Body composition in acromegaly: the effect of treatment.","volume":"31","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90084-0","article-title":"Metabolic aspects of acromegaly and its treatment.","volume":"45","author":"Quabbe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3958","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003958","article-title":"Reduced basal ATP synthetic flux of skeletal muscle in patients with previous acromegaly.","volume":"3","author":"Szendroedi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B11","first-page":"895","article-title":"Morphologic effects of hGRH gene expression on the pituitary, liver, and pancreas of MT-hGRH transgenic mice. An in situ hybridization analysis.","volume":"141","author":"Lloyd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1482","article-title":"Use of the metallothionein promoter-guman growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) mouse to identify regulatory pathways that suppress pituitary somatotrope hyperplasia and adenoma formation due to GHRH-receptor hyperactivation.","volume":"150","author":"Luque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1613-y","article-title":"The growth hormone-insulin like growth factor axis revisited: lessons form IGF-I and IGF-I receptor gene targeting.","volume":"20","author":"Yakar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/300611a0","article-title":"Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes.","volume":"300","author":"Palmiter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90186-6","article-title":"Differential regulation of metallothionein-thymidine kinase fusion genes in transgenic mice and their offspring.","volume":"29","author":"Palmiter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6356363","article-title":"Metallothionein-human GH fusion genes stimulate growth of mice.","volume":"222","author":"Palmiter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.5.1144","article-title":"Effects of bovine growth-hormone (bGH) transgene expression or bGH treatment on reproductive functions in female mice.","volume":"52","author":"Cecim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B18","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effects of zinc ion concentration on growth, fat content and reproduction in oMT1a-oGH transgenic mice.","volume":"62","author":"Eisen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Growth Dev Aging"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E504","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00444.2002","article-title":"Bovine growth hormone-transgenic mice have major alterations in hepatic expression of metabolic genes.","volume":"285","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B20","first-page":"33","article-title":"Dissociation of body growth and adipose deposition effects of growth hormone in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice.","volume":"68","author":"Oberbauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Dev Aging"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.02.005","article-title":"Comparing adiposity profiles in three mouse models with altered GH signaling.","volume":"14","author":"Berryman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1232","article-title":"Bovine growth hormone transgenic mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity but develop hyperphagia, dyslipidemia, and diabetes on a high-fat diet.","volume":"146","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1199","article-title":"Age-related changes in body composition of bovine growth hormone transgenic mice.","volume":"150","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0194","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac fatty acids metabolism in transgenic mice overexpressing bovine GH.","volume":"201","author":"Bogazzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1515\/bc.2010.124","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in growth hormone-transgenic mice: a cross-sectional analysis.","volume":"391","author":"Boparai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/157016309787581048","article-title":"Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues, physiological and pharmacological aspect.","volume":"6","author":"Cordido","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B27","first-page":"67","article-title":"Update on new therapeutic options for the somatopause.","volume":"81","author":"Ceda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0393","article-title":"Targeted deletion of somatotroph insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in a cell-specific knockout mouse model.","volume":"24","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05913.x","article-title":"Does the pituitary somatotrope play a primary role in regulating GH output in metabolic extremes?","volume":"1220","author":"Luque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1542","article-title":"Reporter expression, induced by a GH promoter-driven Cre recombinase (rGHp-Cre) transgene, questions the developmental relationship between somatotropes and lactotropes in the adult mouse pituitary gland.","volume":"148","author":"Luque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1538","article-title":"Autocrine IGF-1 action in adipocytes controls systemic IGF-1 concentrations and growth.","volume":"57","author":"Kl\u00f6ting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80155-0","article-title":"A muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance.","volume":"2","author":"Br\u00fcning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E261","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00676.2007","article-title":"Comparison between surrogate indexes of insulin senstivity and resistance and hyperinsuliniemic euglycemic clamp estimates in mice.","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015767","article-title":"Metabolic impact of adult-onset, isolated, growth hormone deficiency (AOiGHD) due to destruction of pituitary somatotropes.","volume":"6","author":"Luque","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0909","article-title":"Toward a more complete (and less controversial) understanding of energy expenditure and its role in obesity pahtogenesis.","volume":"60","author":"Kaiyala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3371","article-title":"A polygenic model of the metabolic syndrome with reduced circulating and intra-adipose glucocorticoid action.","volume":"54","author":"Morton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-10-0317","article-title":"Exploring endocrine GH pattern in mice using rank plot analysis and random blood samples.","volume":"208","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(93)90085-S","article-title":"Circulating binding-proteins for the insulin-like growth-factors.","volume":"4","author":"Baxter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B39","first-page":"3","article-title":"Insulin-like growth-factors and their binding-proteins - biological actions.","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:19:3:327","article-title":"Effect of high-fat diet on body composition and hormone responses to glucose tolerance tests.","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B41","first-page":"872","article-title":"Effect of insulin on the hepatic production of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (Igfbp-1), Igfbp-3, and Igf-I in insulin-dependent diabetes.","volume":"79","author":"Brismar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1423","article-title":"Lack of dietary carbohydrates induces hepatic growth hormone (GH) resistance in rats.","volume":"152","author":"Bielohuby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070372","article-title":"Postprandial paradoxical IGFBP-1 response in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes.","volume":"115","author":"Lehtihet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Science"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.06.004","article-title":"Regulation of development and metabolism of adipose tissue by growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system.","volume":"27","author":"Louveau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B45","first-page":"87","article-title":"Growth hormone and adipocyte function in obesity.","volume":"53","author":"Nam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2011.03.002","article-title":"Growth hormone and adipose tissue: beyond the adipocyte.","volume":"21","author":"Berryman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.08.006","article-title":"Involvement of insulin-like growth factor-I in the control of glucose homeostasis.","volume":"6","author":"Clemmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.11.008","article-title":"Acute or chronic upregulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation has no net effect on whole-body energy expenditure or adiposity.","volume":"11","author":"Hoehn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1335","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.6.E1335","article-title":"Direct effects of growth hormone on production and secretion of apolipoprotein B from rat hepatocytes.","volume":"279","author":"Lind\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2483","article-title":"Insulin resistance in the liver-specific IGF-I gene-deleted mouse is abrogated by deletion of the acid-labile subunit of the IGF-binding protein-3 complex.","volume":"52","author":"Haluzik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19937","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.014308","article-title":"Liver-specific deletion of the growth hormone receptor reveals essential role of GH signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism.","volume":"284","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21713","article-title":"Loss of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 leads to hepatosteatosis and impaired liver regeneration.","volume":"46","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0537","article-title":"GH-dependent STAT5 signaling plays an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism.","volume":"152","author":"Barclay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42894","article-title":"Abrogation of growth hormone secretion rescues fatty liver in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of JAK2.","volume":"121","author":"Sos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0009","article-title":"Endocrine parameters and phenotypes of the growth hormone receptor gene disrupted (GHR\u2212\/\u2212) mouse.","volume":"32","author":"List","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914798107","article-title":"Bifurcation of insulin signaling pathway in rat liver: mTORC1 required for stumulation of lipogenesis, but not inhibition of gluconeogenesis.","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0170131","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone in vitro on the glucose metabolism of fetal rat islet \u03b2-cells.","volume":"17","author":"Svensson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020071612550295500_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.010","article-title":"Suppression of FAT\/CD36 mRNA by human growth hormone in pancreatic \u03b2-cells.","volume":"410","author":"Dalgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45027","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor regulates \u03b2 cell hyperplasia and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in obese mice.","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2502","article-title":"Effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I\/IGF-binding protein-3 treatment on glucose metabolism and fat distribution in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance.","volume":"95","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B61","first-page":"77","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factor in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.","volume":"62","author":"Clemmons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1054","article-title":"Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.","volume":"58","author":"Macotela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.10.002","article-title":"Estrogen and androgen receptors: regulators of fuel homeostasis and emerging targets for diabetes and obesity.","volume":"22","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071612550295500_B64","article-title":"Sex differences during the course of diet-induced obesity in mice: adipose tissue expandability and glycemic control","author":"Medrikova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes"}],"container-title":["Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/152\/12\/4825\/9016148\/endo4825.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article-pdf\/152\/12\/4825\/9016148\/endo4825.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T22:21:54Z","timestamp":1594938114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/endo\/article\/152\/12\/4825\/2457395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2011-1447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]]}}}