{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:24:25Z","timestamp":1771010665388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and thyroid hormone (TH) deficiencies produce similar defects in late brain development including hypomyelination of axons and impaired synapse formation and function, suggesting that these micronutrient deficiencies share a common mechanism contributing to these derangements. We previously demonstrated that fetal\/neonatal Cu and Fe deficiencies lower circulating TH concentrations in neonatal rats. Fe deficiency also reduces whole-brain T3 content, suggesting impaired TH action in the developing Fe-deficient brain. We hypothesized that fetal\/neonatal Cu and Fe deficiencies will produce mild or moderate TH deficiencies and will impair TH-responsive gene expression in the neonatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus. To test this hypothesis, we rendered pregnant Sprague Dawley rats Cu-, Fe-, or TH-deficient from early gestation through postnatal d 10 (P10). Mild and moderate TH deficiencies were induced by 1 and 3 ppm propylthiouracil treatment, respectively. Cu deficiency did not significantly alter serum or tissue TH concentrations or TH-responsive brain mRNA expression. Fe deficiency significantly lowered P10 serum total T3 (45%), serum total T4 (52%), whole brain T3 (14%), and hippocampal T3 (18%) concentrations, producing a mild TH deficiency similar to 1 ppm propylthiouracil treatment. Fe deficiency lowered Pvalb, Enpp6, and Mbp mRNA levels in the P10 hippocampus. Fe deficiency also altered Hairless, Dbm, and Dio2 mRNA levels in the P10 cerebral cortex. These results suggest that some of the brain defects associated with Fe deficiency may be mediated through altered thyroidal status and the concomitant alterations in TH-responsive gene transcription.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,10]],"date-time":"2012-10-10T06:14:20Z","timestamp":1349849660000},"page":"5668-5680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Fetal and Neonatal Iron Deficiency Reduces Thyroid Hormone-Responsive Gene mRNA Levels in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Bastian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.W.B., J.A.A., G.W.A.), University of Minnesota Duluth, College of Pharmacy, Duluth, Minnesota 55812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.W.B., J.A.A., G.W.A.), University of Minnesota Duluth, College of Pharmacy, Duluth, Minnesota 55812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Fretham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurobehavioral Development (S.J.F., M.K.G.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Prohaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.R.P.), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Georgieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurobehavioral Development (S.J.F., M.K.G.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant W.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.W.B., J.A.A., G.W.A.), University of Minnesota Duluth, College of Pharmacy, Duluth, Minnesota 55812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071614232012900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-3004-9","article-title":"Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood.","volume":"47","author":"Benton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2020071614232012900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650802900305","article-title":"Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003.","volume":"29","author":"de 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